Triplectides Kolenati (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Brazil: A new species, new records and an identifi cation key

The long-horned caddisfl y genus Triplectides Kolenati, 1859 is the most species-rich within Triplectidinae, comprising about 90 species. Eight species have been recorded so far in Brazil, mainly distributed in the Southeast Region, and only one species has been recorded from the North Region. In this paper a new species of Triplectides is described and illustrated, Triplectides nessimiani Desidério & Pes sp. nov., based on adult males from Serra do Aracá, Amazonas, Brazil. We also provide the fi rst record for Brazil of T. neblinus Holzenthal, 1988 and T. nevadus Holzenthal, 1988. In addition, an updated identifi cation key to Triplectides species with occurrence in Brazil is presented.


Introduction
Leptoceridae Leach, 1815, or long-horned caddisfl ies, is one of the three largest trichopteran families.
Triplectides Kolenati, 1859, with about 90 species worldwide, is the most species-rich genus within Triplectidinae (Morse 2018). The genus is characterized in the adult stage by an apically broad discoidal cell that usually extends posteriorly and a thyridial cell two or three times as long as the discoidal cell in the forewing, and male inferior appendages with mesal and basoventral processes or lobes (Morse & Neboiss 1982;. Triplectides larvae build cases of a hollowed-out twig or from the discarded case of another trichopteran larva. Larvae of this genus are shredders and inhabit pool areas in small streams (Holzenthal & Calor 2017).
In this study, we describe and illustrate a new species of Triplectides based on adult males from Serra do Aracá, Amazonas state, Brazil. We also provide the fi rst record for Brazil of T. neblinus T. nevadus Holzenthal, 1988. In addition, an updated identifi cation key to species of Triplectides with occurrence in Brazil is presented.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected with Malaise traps (Gressit & Gressit 1962), Pennsylvania light traps (Frost 1957) and Suspended traps (Rafael & Gorayeb 1982). All collected specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol. In order to observe male genital structures, the abdomen was removed and cleared using hot 10% KOH as detailed by Blahnik & Holzenthal (2004). After clearing, the abdomen was examined with a Leica EZ4 stereo microscope; it was then stored in 80% ethanol in a plastic microvial, together with the remainder of the respective specimen.
Photographs were obtained using a Leica DMC4500 video camera attached to a Leica M205A stereo microscope using an LED illumination dome. Stacks of images of each structure were produced at different focal distances and then combined automatically into a single image with a greater depth of fi eld using Helicon Focus® (version 6.7.1 Pro) stacking software. Stacked images of the genitalia were used as templates in Adobe Illustrator® to create vector graphic illustrations. Photographs and drawings were assembled into plates using Adobe Photoshop®.
The morphological terminology used for male genitalia follows that of

Diagnosis
The male of Triplectides nessimiani sp. nov. is similar to that of T. ultimus by fork I in the hindwing having a very short petiole and both having a short, subtriangular mesal lobe on the inferior appendage. However, in T. nessimiani sp. nov. the mesal lobe has a slightly acute lateral projection and 5-7 stout ventral setae in the middle region, whereas T. ultimus has bifi d lateral projection and three stout ventral setae. Furthermore, the new species can easily be distinguished by the preanal appendages, which are digitate with apices rounded (slender with apices pointed in T. ultimus), tergum X with apex obliquely truncated (rounded in T. ultimus) and phallotremal sclerite well developed, subpentagonal-shaped in dorsal view (simple in T. ultimus).

Female and immature stages
Unknown.

Discussion
Until now, the diversity of Triplectides in Brazil is concentrated in the Southeast region with six species (Triplectides cipo, T. gracilis, T. itatiaia, T. misionensis, T. neotropicus and T. ultimus), followed by the Northeast (T. maranhensis and T. gracilis) and South (T. gracilis and T. misionensis) regions, both with two species registered. Only one species of Triplectides has been recorded from the North region so far, T. egleri (Santos et al. 2019), but with the new species described here, T. nessimiani sp. nov., and the new records of T. neblinus and T. nevadus, the number of Triplectides species reported from the North Region is increased to four, bringing the total number of species of the genus for Brazil to eleven (Table 1). However, the Midwest region is the only one that still has no recorded Triplectides species (Santos et al. 2019).
Triplectides neblinus was previously known only from its type locality at the Cerro de la Neblina base camp at 140 m a.s.l. , a mountainous region located in the southern portion of Venezuela at the border with Brazil. Here the distribution range of this species is extended to Amazonas and Roraima states, representing the fi rst record for Brazil, at a distance of about 800 km from the type locality.
Triplectides nevadus was previously known from large rivers in Venezuela (Rio Negro) and Peru (Rio Nanay) . In this study the species was collected in two small streams in the Amazonas State, being reported for the fi rst time for Brazil.
Although this study improves our knowledge of the Triplectides species that occur in Brazil, it does not represent the actual diversity of the genus. This is due to the scarcity of studies, particularly in neighboring states that share the Amazon biome, such as Acre, Amapá and Rondônia, and in the states of the Midwest region (Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul). Thus, these data highlight the need for more taxonomic studies focused on Triplectides in the Brazilian Amazon specifi cally and in Central Brazil, where it is highly probable that any specimens of this genus discovered in the future will be new to science or represent new distributional records for these regions.  Dumas, 2015 Southeast (MG) T. egleri Sattler, 1963 North (AM, PA) T. gracilis (Burmeister, 1839) Northeast (BA); Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP); South (PR, SC) T. itatiaia Dumas & Nessimian, 2010 Southeast (RJ) T. maranhensis Desidério, Barcelos-Silva & Pes, 2017 Northeast (MA) T. misionensis  Southeast (MG, RJ, SP); South (PR, SC) T. neblinus Holzenthal, 1988 North (AM, RR) T. neotropicus Holzenthal, 1988 T. nessimiani Desidério & Pes sp. nov.