Revision of the lanternfly genus Limois Stål, 1863 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) with description of a new species from China

All extant species of the planthopper genus Limois Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) were studied. One new species, Limois sordida sp. nov., is described and illustrated from China. Six known species are re-described and photos and illustrations of male genitalia are provided. A key to all extant species of this genus is also given.

Male genitalia. Pygofer symmetrical, narrow and subquadrangular in lateral view, ventrally longer than dorsally, ventrocaudal angle slightly produced caudad (Fig. 10A). Anal tube subtriangular in lateral view, in dorsal view gradually broadened distad, apical margin concave; epiproct and paraproct separated in lateral view, in dorsal view epiproct short and broad, paraproct slender, surpassing the end of anal tube (Fig. 10A,C). Gonostyli subtriangular or oval in lateral view, submedially with a hookshaped process near dorsal side, in ventral view the styles connect only at base (Fig. 10A,B). Aedeagus reduced, membranous endosoma with a dorsal pair of lobes surrounding a ventral pair of lobes and the sclerotized endosomal processes, the endosomal processes paired, apical portion exposed and curved dorsad in lateral view, terminally inflated .

Diagnosis
(1) Frons medially with 3 longitudinal carinae, median carina tinier, all not reaching fronto-clypeal suture , cephalic process of vertex moderate in length, reaching posterior margin of vertex (Fig. 1D,G); (2) pronotum red-brown with one longitudinal broken band on each side of median carina, blackish brown, mesonotum yellow, with 3 pairs of dark patches along anterior margin and one dark triangular patch on each lateral area, with one large irregular patch on each side of median carina (Fig. 1D); (3) tegmina with a transverse irregular dark brown band on basal ⅖ (not reaching posterior margin) and orange-yellow on costal area and basal half followed by some brown patches and spots on hyaline area ; hindwings reddish yellow on basal half (red in fresh specimens), the apical half hyaline ( Fig. 1A-B); (4) abdominal segment dark, posterior margin testaceous (Fig. 1A).

Diagnosis
(1) Frons with two longitudinal carinae (Fig. 2E), cephalic process of vertex relatively long, surpassing posterior margin of vertex but not reaching the middle of pronotum F); (2) pronotum and mesonotum rusty brown, pronotum covered with numerous dark spots centrally and posteriorly, mesonotum covered with numerous dark spots on disc, with 4 irregular dark patches near each posterolateral angle (Fig. 2D); (3) tegmina with basal ⅗ and costal area pale reddish brown, apical ⅖ hyaline with a broad brown stripe obliquely extending to the apical angle ( Fig. 2A, C); hindwings red on basal ⅔ and hyaline on remaining area, between them with a sinuate brownish fascia ( Fig. 2A); (4) abdomen sordid orange, anterior margin dark brown on each tergite ( Fig. 2A).
Male genitalia. Pygofer in profile with ventral and laterocaudal margins almost straight (Figs 3E,14I). Anal tube moderate, apical margin truncate, intersection with dorsal margin at obtuse angle in lateral view, epiproct acutely angled apically in dorsal view (Figs 3E,G,14I). Gonostyli triangular in outline, widest near apex, apically almost truncate in middle . Endosomal processes mostly sclerotized, about 5.0 times as long as sheath, apical ⅓ exposed, slightly inflexed and inflated . Connective unrecognizable. Tectiductus small, unrecognizable more or less.

Diagnosis
(1) Frons medially with 3 longitudinal carinae, the median carina tinier, all not reaching fronto-clypeal suture (Fig. 4C), cephalic process of vertex moderate in length, not reaching posterior margin of vertex (Fig. 4B,E); (2) pronotum brown with one longitudinal broken band on each side of median carina, blackish brown; mesonotum covered with numerous dark spots on disc, with 3 pairs of dark patches along anterior margin and one dark triangular patch on each lateral area (Fig. 4B); (3) tegmina with a transverse irregular dark brown band on basal ⅖ (extending to posterior margin) and reddish yellow on costal area and basal ⅓ followed by some brown patches and spots in apical half on hyaline area (Fig. 4A, D, F); hindwings red orange on basal half and hyaline on apical half (Fig. 4A, D); (4) abdominal tergite brown except anterior margin dark on each segment, sternites dark (Fig. 4A).
Thorax. Thorax macular covered with numerous dark spots, pronotum about 1.6 times as long as vertex in dorsal view, with one longitudinal broken band on each side of median carina, black (Fig. 6D); mesonotum with 3 pairs of dark patches along anterior margin and one dark triangular patch on each lateral area (Fig. 6D). Tegmina. Brownish yellow on basal ⅖ and costal area, with narrow irregular stripe from costal area, extending to anal angle; remaining area of tegmina hyaline with some dark markings, veins ochre brown, about 2.7 times as long as maximum broad (Fig. 6A-C).
Hindwings. Pale yellow on basal ⅖, with 4-5 black spots arranged in one oblique row, apical ⅗ of hindwings hyaline with a brown band along suture margin (Fig. 6A-B).
Male genitalia. Pygofer in profile with ventral margin straight, laterocaudal margin slightly convex (Figs 7A,15A). Anal tube moderate, in lateral aspect reaching level of end of genital plates, ventral margin slightly concave in basal ⅔, apical margin truncate, intersecting with dorsal margin at obtuse angle, epiproct right-angled apically, paraproct slender in dorsal view 15A). Gonostyli subtriangular in lateral view, rounded apically, apical margin straight in middle, in ventral view plates connected in basal ⅕ (Figs 7A,C,. Aedeagus reduced, membranous endosoma with a dorsal pair of lobes surrounding a ventral pair of lobes and the sclerotized endosomal processes; the endosomal processes sclerotized over entire length, about 4.0 times as long as sheath, apical ⅓ exposed and terminally inflated (Fig. 7C-E, 15C-D). Connective rod-like. Tectiductus large, in lateral view subrectangular, in dorsal view broad, apically rounded and distinctly concave medially 15A).
Male genitalia. Pygofer with ventral margin sinuate in lateral view; posterior margin in lateral view slightly convex, emarginate on ventral ⅙; in dorsal view deeply, roundly emarginate posteriorly (Figs 12A,15J). Anal tube massive, in lateral view reaching level of apex of gonostyli, ventral margin sinuate, apical margin obliquely truncate, intersecting with dorsal margin at obtuse angle, in dorsal view, widening from base to apex, 1.36 times broader at apex than long in median line, apical margin roundly emarginate in dorsal view; epiproct right-angled apically, paraproct slender in dorsal view 15J). Gonostyli subtriangular in lateral view, rounded apically, apical margin straight in middle, in ventral view gonostyli connected in basal ⅕, lateral tooth slender, directed posteroventrally, then curved ventrally towards apex (Figs 12A,F,. Endosomal processes sclerotized over entire length, about 4.0 times as long as sheath, apical ⅓ exposed and terminally membranous and inflated . Connective rod-like. Tectiductus large, in lateral view subrectangular, in dorsal view broad, apically rounded and distinctly concave ventrally .

Discussion
External morphological characters were generally used for species identification in this genus, however, male genitalia characters of most Limois species remain poorly understood so far, making identification of species in this genus difficult. For example, three previously described species, L. kikuchii, L. westwoodii and L. bifasciatus look similar in external morphology. In this study, we only secured the photo of the male holotype of L. bifasciatus; It was not sufficient to confirm the status or propose synonym(s) here, but we provide photographs and hand drawings of male genitalia of several species after checking actual type specimens, with the intent of providing further information toward the taxonomy of this However, the pygofer in lateral view, particularly the angles produced by anal tube apically and dorsally, the shape of gonostyli, and the features of apical part of the endosomal processes are specific in each species, making them useful for identifying the species of this genus.
Although Urban & Cryan (2009) investigated the phylogeny of Fulgoridae based on DNA nucleotide sequence data, only one species, Neolieftinckana fuscata (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) from Papua New Guinea, was selected as an example of the tribe Limoisini (in Aphaeninae). Results show Neolieftinckana fuscata has a closer relationship with Birdantis blötei Lallemand, 1959 ( our recent collecting in Chinese fauna also show that Limois species are widespread in this area and more species need to be described in future studies. Moreover, we suggest more information, including molecular and morphological studies, as well as host plants investigations, will be helpful for better understanding the classification and evolution of Limois.