Three new species of Dolichoiulus millipedes from the of Gran Canaria, with notes on the circumscription of the (Diplopoda,

. Dolichoiulus typhlocanaria sp. nov., D. oromii sp. nov. and D. longunguis sp. nov. are described from caves and the mesovoid shallow stratum (MSS) on Gran Canaria. The genus Anagaiulus Enghoff, 1992 is synonymized under Dolichoiulus Verhoeff, 1900, resulting in Dolichoiulus blancatypa (Enghoff, 1992) comb nov. Three species of from the underground of with notes on the circumscription of the


Introduction
The millipede genus Dolichoiulus Verhoeff, 1900 includes one of the largest among the many radiations of plants and animals on the Canary Islands (Fernández-Palacios 2011). Of the 56 species hitherto included in the genus, 46 are Canarian endemics (Enghoff 1992(Enghoff , 2011Enghoff & Báez 1993). Enghoff (1992) revised the genus and described 39 new species. Despite considerable collecting activity on the Canary Islands since 1992, no additional new species have been discovered until now.
Five Canarian Dolichoiulus species have been found in caves, three endemic species on Tenerife, one endemic species on El Hierro and the introduced D. typhlops Ceuca, 1973 on La Palma and El Hierro (Enghoff 1992(Enghoff , 2002. The three Teneriffan cave species are blind, like the introduced D. typhlops. In recent years, blind Dolichoiulus millipedes have been collected in several caves and MSS (mesovoid shallow stratum, Romero 2009) on Gran Canaria. This material includes three new species and is the subject of the present paper. One of the new species shows a character that necessitates a re-evaluation of the genus Anagaiulus Enghoff, 1992, a monotypic genus from Tenerife.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected in MSS with special pitfall traps designed for collecting in this habitat (see , whereas those captured in caves and mines which were found by visual exploration. All were preserved in 70% ethanol and were examined with a stereomicroscope. A few specimens were 'analysed', i.e., gnathochilarium, an antenna, and some midbody legs were temporarily mounted in glycerol and examined at high magnification in a compound microscope. Gonopods/vulvae of some specimens were similarly placed in temporary mounts. Specimens for scanning electron microscopy were transferred to 96% ethanol and then to acetone, air-dried, mounted on aluminium stubs, coated with platinum/palladium and studied in a JEOL JSM-6335F scanning electron microscope (ZMUC).
Terminology follows Enghoff (1992) except that the term 'ring' or 'body ring' is used instead of 'segment', and 'mesomerital process' instead of 'mesomerite'.  Verhoeff, 1900Dolichoiulus Verhoeff, 1900: 85. Nesopachyiulus Attems, 1902: 599, 607. Trichopachyiulus Verhoeff, 1910: 194. Anagaiulus Enghoff, 1992: 144 syn. nov. See Enghoff (1992 for an in-depth discussion of Dolichoiulus. Anagaiulus was erected by Enghoff (1992) for a species which differs from the Dolichoiulus species in having a whorl of metazonital setae. Enghoff (1992) realized that this is a poor diagnostic character but preferred not to 'dilute' the already rather vague concept of Dolichoiulus by including a species with metazonital setae. Since then, two lines of evidence have emerged that contradict separate status for Anagaiulus: 1. One of the new species described in the present paper has metazonital setae; the other doesn't, but apart from this, and a size difference, the two species are as good as identical.

A preliminary molecular phylogenetic analysis by I. Sanmartín (unpublished) suggests that
Anagaiulus is nested deeply inside Dolichoiulus.

Diagnosis
(from Enghoff 1992, emended): Pachyiulini. Eyes present or absent. No frontal setae. Mostly without metazonital setae (exceptions: D. blancatypa (Enghoff, 1992)  gonopod spoon-shaped, with a mesal ridge, a lateral prominence, and two apical denticles (which may be fused or reduced). Posterior gonopod without a sperm fovea, with a mesomerital process and with two opisthomerital processes, posterior process varying from short-triangular to flagelliform; one or both opisthomerital processes sometimes more or less reduced.

Etymology
The name (noun in apposition) refers to the blindness of this species from Gran Canaria.   Colour. The preserved specimens are uniform whitish yellow. Defence glands in part visible by transparency as dark spots.
legs. Second pair with ventral pads on postfemur and tibia. Postfemoral pads tiny, tibial pads small on midbody legs. Second pair with coxal pores.

Distribution and habitat
Endemic to Gran Canaria. Known from two caves and three MSS in the east-central part of the island.  (Enghoff, 1992) comb. nov., in having metazonital setae. Differs further from the other blind Dolichoiulus on Gran Canaria in size (Figs 1, 5), in having extensive preanal pilosity, and in lacking a terminal projection on the mesal ridge of the anterior gonopod. Differs from D. longunguis sp. nov. and the widespread D. typhlops in having slenderer anterior gonopods (Fig. 3C, cf. Fig. 3D). Differs from D. blancatypa (from Tenerife) in having the mesomerital process clearly separated from the opisthomerite.

Etymology
The species in named in honour of Pedro Oromí, La Laguna, Tenerife, in recognition of his vast effort to document and analyse the Canarian fauna. 6-10% stout (Fig. 3D), mesal ridge with projection Table 1. Characteristics of blind Dolichoiulus species. Data in part from Enghoff (1992Enghoff ( , 2002. Relative lengths of antennae and legs are given in percentage of body diameter. Relative length of claw is given in percentage of total leg length. Diagnostic or near-diagnostic characters shown in underlined boldface. There are further subtle gonopod differences between the species.

Material studied
all from Canary Islands: Gran Canaria. Colour. The preserved specimens are uniform whitish yellow. Defence glands in part visible by transparency as dark spots. Body rings. Prozonites not furrowed. Metazonites unvaulted, with ca. 12 striae per dorsal quarter and a whorl of short setae on the posterior margin (Fig. 2B). Ozopore ¼ -⅓ metazonite length behind suture. Limbus cells length slightly more than 2× width; their free margin with a few tiny denticles (as in Enghoff 1992: figs 28-29).

Distribution and habitat
Endemic to Gran Canaria. Known only from the type locality in the NW part of the island, and from two further MSS sites in the East-Central part.
Dolichoiulus longunguis sp. nov. Fig. 5 Diagnosis A blind species of Dolichoiulus. Differs from other blind Dolichoiulus species as shown in Table 1. Differs from the other blind Dolichoiulus on Gran Canaria in size (Figs 1, 5). Differs from D. typhlocanaria sp. nov. and D. oromii sp. nov. in having broader anterior gonopods, further from D. oromii sp. nov. in lacking metazonital setae and in having only marginal preanal pilosity, and further from D. typhlocanaria sp. nov. in lacking a terminal projection on the mesal ridge of the anterior gonopod. Differs from the widespread D. typhlops by being slenderer (Fig. 1, cf. Enghoff 2002: fig. 1).

Etymology
The name (noun in apposition) meaning "long claw" and refers to a distinguishing character of this species. legs. Length 65% of H in ♂, 61% of H in ♀. Claw: length 11% of leg, length/height 4.5-5.4. Accessory claw 0.3-0.4× shorter than claw.

Fig. 5.
Size diagram for Dolichoiulus oromii sp. nov. and D. longunguis sp. nov. The diagram shows number of podous (leg-bearing) body rings (p.r., x axis) and vertical body diameter in mm (y axis). For a given number of podous rings D. oromii sp. nov. is thicker than D. longunguis sp. nov. but thinner than D. typhlocanaria sp. nov. (see Fig. 1); specimens of D. oromii sp. nov. from East-Central Gran Canaria are thicker than those from the Northwest (El Sao), and females are thicker than males.
legs. Second pair with ventral pads on tibia only. Postfemoral pads absent, tibial pads tiny on midbody legs. Second pair with coxal pores.
anterior gonoPods. Indistinguishable from the one shown in Fig. 3D, broader than in D. typhlocanaria sp. nov. and D. oromii sp. nov. Mesal ridge without a terminal projection. Lateral prominence distinct. Bowl broad, lateral margin regularly convex. Apical denticles distinct.

Distribution and habitat
Endemic to Gran Canaria. Known only from the type locality in the east-central part of the island, Collected in an artificial gallery. The short legs and long claws in this species may suggest that it is a soil-digger species rather than a true cave species (cf. Enghoff 1982). Among other Dolichoiulus species claws as long as those of D. longunguis sp. nov. are found only in D. blancatypa (Enghoff, 1992) comb. nov. from Tenerife, which also has short legs and is a soil-dweller (Enghoff 1992).

Discussion
It is perhaps not surprising that the first new Dolichoiulus species to be found after Enghoff (1992) are from the underground of Gran Canaria. Although caves are scarce on Gran Canaria, there are many deep artificial old galleries such as Mina de los Roques which have produced an interesting subterranean fauna (Naranjo et al. 2009). Also, the mesovoid (or mesocavernous) shallow stratum (MSS) is richly represented, and recent collecting activities here have revealed a rich endemic fauna of, e.g., Lagynochthonius Beier, 1951 pseudoscorpions, Symploce Hebard, 1916 cockroaches and Oromia Alonso-Zarazaga, 1987 weevils Mahnert, 2011). The abundant artificial caves and MSS spots not yet prospected suggest that the underground of Gran Canaria still has not been exhausted in terms of new millipede species.