Two new species of planthoppers from India (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae) in the genera Parasogata and Eoeurysa

The genus Parasogata Zhou, Yang & Chen, 2018 is here reported from India represented by the new species Parasogata sexpartita sp. nov. collected in a recent exploration and survey of delphacids from Nagaland in northeastern India. A second species of Eoeurysa Muir, 1913 from India, the new species Eoeurysa sagittaria sp. nov., was found in Rampur, Una, Himachal Pradesh. Both new species are described with illustrations, and a molecular identifi cation is given with the mtCOI gene sequence. A modifi ed key to species of the genera is also provided.

The molecular studies on delphacids gained a momentum with mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sequence data (mtCOI 504bp) generated by Dijkstra et al. (2003Dijkstra et al. ( , 2006. These studies further paved the way for using diff erent gene regions for the phylogenetic analyses of Delphacidae (Urban et al. 2010;Huang et al. 2017). MtCOI is one of the most promising genes for the species level identifi cation and diff erentiation.
In this paper, we describe two new species of Delphacini, one species in the genus Parasogata, which also constitutes the fi rst report of Parasogata from India, and another in the genus Eoeurysa. Distribution map for the new species is given (Fig. 6). We also report the mtDNA from the COI barcode region from these species and report on the implications of these data.

Material and methods
Morphological terminology follows that of Asche (1985) and Bartlett (2009). In the descriptions, the header 'male genitalia' is understood to include segments IX-XI. Photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 425C digital camera on a Leica M205FA stereozoom automontage microscope. Male genitalia dissections were carried out as described by Oman (1949) and Knight (1965). Type specimens of both species were deposited in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India (NPC). Distribution map for new species has been prepared using maps.google.com. DNA was extracted from whole specimen by crushing the entire body, according to the manufacturer protocol, DNAsure Tissue Mini Kit with slight modifi cation in the procedure. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene was amplifi ed for PCR products, using universal primers LCO1490: 5′-ggtcaacaaatcataaagatattgg-3′; HCO2198: 5′-taaacttcagggtgaccaaaaaatca-3′ (Dietrich et al. 1997). The PCR protocol follows Hashmi et al. (2018). The polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed with 25 μl reaction volumes in Ventri® 96-well thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems® Life Technologies). Cycling protocol was: 4 min hot start at 94°C, 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 94°C, annealing for 60 s at 47°C, elongation for 50 s at 72°C and a fi nal extension at 72°C for 8 min in a C1000™ Thermal cycler. The products were examined on a 2% agarose gel and visualized under UV using Alphaview® software ver. 1.2.0.1. The amplifi ed products were sequenced at AgriGenome Pvt. Ltd (Cochin India). The quality sequences were assembled with BioEdit ver. 7.0.0 and deposited in NCBI GenBank.

Remarks
This genus is readily recognized by its large size and vertex, pronotum and mesonotum bearing an uninterrupted white fascia. The genus was compared with four similar genera by Zhou et al. (2018) and considered most similar to Sogata Distant, 1906 but distinguished by the phallus being up-curved, bearing a dorsal row of subapical processes.

Etymology
The species name is derived from the Latin term 'sex', meaning 'six', plus 'partita', meaning 'parted', a reference to the number of subapical spines on the aedeagus. The specifi c epithet is intended to be feminine in gender to match apparent gender. . Yellowish orange to stramineous. Vertex, pronotum and mesonotum with uninterrupted white vitta. Near-black bands follow lateral carinae from anterolateral compartments of vertex to frontoclypeal suture; median portion of frons white (continuation of dorsal vitta); clypeus pale medially, darker laterally. Genae orangish anteriorly, stramineous around (and including) antennae. Pronotum and mesonotum dark yellow. Forewings and hindwings yellow-hyaline with prominent black veins. Legs yellowish white. Abdomen yellowish orange ( Fig. 1A-D).

Molecular data
The DNA barcode fragment (mtCOI ~ 650bp) sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank with accession number MN787519.

Remarks
This species is similar to P. binaria and can be distinguished by an aedeagus with six radiating spines ( Fig. 2B-C) (vs ten in binaria) subapically and dorsal gonopore.
A peculiar aspect of the forewing venation is that the MP vein bends sharply at the nodal line, and it is not entirely clear whether it is angled toward the leading or trailing portion of the wing, a matter that could change the interpretation of the vein branches. Both previously described species of Parasogata appear to have the RP 3-branched (RP 1+2 , RP 3 , RP 4 ).
There are no host associations reported for any species of Parasogata.

Remarks
The genus can be distinguished by the depressed shape of the body (reminiscent of Eumetopina Breddin, 1896), and the broad, apically converging vertex. Eoeurysa is similar to Eumetopina, although the latter genus has a broader frons and displays processes on the medioventral portion of the pygofer opening.

Etymology
The species name comes from the Latin word 'sagittaria', meaning 'arrow', in reference to the arrowhead shape of the apex of the aedeagus. The specifi c epithet is feminine in gender to match the apparent gender of the genus. Paratypes INDIA • 4 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; NPC HEMT10 to HEMT13• 7 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; NPC HEMT14 to HEMT20.

Molecular data
The DNA barcode fragment (mtCOI ~ 650bp) sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank with accession numbers MN787520 and MN787521.

Remarks
Eoeurysa sagittaria sp. nov. is closely related to E. arundina, especially based on the basal process of aedeagus (Fig. 4C). This species can easily be identifi ed by the fl attened body (Fig. 3A), the progressively broadening frons (Fig. 3D) and the structure of the male genitalia (Fig. 4) (aedeagus apically sagittate, lacking the dorsal teeth of E. arundina).

Discussion
Including the species described here, there are now 54 species of Delphacidae reported from India. Additionally, Mammen (1971) described 13 additional taxa in a thesis on Indian Delphacidae, but these names are not considered published in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (viz., ICZN 1999, online version article 9.12). This number undoubtedly underestimates the true diversity of delphacid species. In comparison, Costa Rica has 57 reported delphacid species (Bartlett 2019), nearly the same number reported from India, despite India being approximately 64 × the size of Costa Rica. Additionally, the Indomalayan region has 467 known delphacid species, compared with 266 in the Neotropical region (Bartlett et al. 2018), further suggesting that the known delphacid fauna of India is greatly underestimated. Here, we provide mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene sequences for the new species, which act as reference sequences for the taxa and allow further molecular studies. This represents the fi rst molecular data for the genus Parasogata. Additional data from mtCOI is needed to compare the species within Parasogata and Eoeurysa, and additional genes will be needed to comment on the evolutionary lineage and relationships of these with other genera within Delphacini. Blast searches of these mtCOI data for both species on both GenBank and Barcode of Life databases suggest that there is no similar data for closely allied delphacids available. Collection of additional delphacid species and mtCOI data from a variety of Delphacini would be desirable to improve DNA barcoding identifi cation results.