First record of the genus Augilina Melichar, 1914 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Caliscelidae) from China, with descriptions of two new bamboo-feeding species

The planthopper genus Augilina Melichar, 1914, is recorded in China for the first time. Two new species of the genus Augilina, A. tetraina Chen & Gong sp. nov. and A. triaina Chen & Gong sp. nov., are described and illustrated from South China. The genus now has a total of four described species. New generic characteristics are proposed and photographs of the new species are provided. A checklist and a key to the species of Augilina are also included.


Introduction
The caliscelid genus Augilina Melichar, 1914, described by Melichar (1914 based on a single species, Augilina longipes Melichar, 1914, from the Philippines (Luzon Island), belongs to the tribe Augilini of the subfamily Ommatidiotinae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Caliscelidae) (Emeljanov 1999;Gnezdilov 2013a). Recently, Gnezdilov (2013b) added the second species, Augilina namboina Gnezdilov, 2013, from southern Vietnam. Here, the genus Augilina is recorded in China for the first time with two new species, A. tetraina Chen & Gong sp. nov. and A. triaina Chen & Gong sp. nov., discovered on bamboo in Yunnan Province. Their descriptions and illustrations are given. New generic characteristics are proposed. A checklist and a key to the species of Augilina are provided.

Material and methods
The morphological terminology used in this study mainly follows Chan & Yang (1994) and Gnezdilov (2013b). The standard terminology for hind and forewing venation follows Bourgoin et al. (2015). Dry specimens were used for the descriptions and illustrations. External morphology was observed under a stereo microscope and characters were measured with an ocular micrometer. Measurements are given in millimeters; body length was measured from the apex of the head to the apex of the forewing in repose. The genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in 10% NaOH, washed in water, and transferred to glycerin. Illustrations of the specimens were made with a Leica MZ 12.5 stereo microscope. Photographs were taken with a KEYENCE VHX-1000 system. Illustrations were scanned with CanoScan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS7 for labeling and plate composition.

Diagnosis
Vertex long and narrow, strongly produced anteriorly, posterior margin angularly concave, disc depressed. Frons long and narrow, with median and sublateral carinae, widest at level of second segment of antennae. Ocelli present. Pronotum with anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin broadly concave; lateral carinae converging apically. Mesonotum large, almost 3 times as long as pronotum, disc flattened. Forewing long, narrow, transparent. Hindwing transparent, longer than half length of forewing. Legs relatively long, hind tibia with single lateral spine medially and with 6 apical spines. First and second metatarsomeres with no spines. Abdomen exceptionally elongate and narrow, sternites chevron-shaped. Male genitalia: anal tube short, enlarged apically. Pygofer in lateral view with dorsal half much narrower than ventral half, hind margin of pygofer concaved at upper ⅔, lower ⅓ almost straight; in posterior view, ventral margin with two rounded medioventral processes. Genital styles massive, each with 3-4 processes. Aedeagus of simple structure, with enlarged basement and narrow tubular-shaped apical part. Gonopore subapical.

Remark
Compared with Melichar's (1914) description, we propose more concise generic characteristics based on the comparison of four species, and add the generic characteristics of the male genitalia.

Remarks
Based on the description and the figures by Gnezdilov (2013b), this species can be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the following characters: body mainly light brown; pro-and mesonotum light green yellowish, with median red stripe framed by two black stripes; pygofer in lateral view, with posterior margin sinuated without process.

Etymology
The specific name is derived from the Latin word ʻtetraʼ which refers to the genital styles with four processes.
Coloration (in alcohol). Body mainly yellow (Figs 1-5). Eyes yellowish brown. Antennae with one black spot at apex of pedicel. Central area of vertex yellowish brown. Pronotum and mesonotum with wide median light red stripe. Spines of legs with black apices.
Head and thorax. Vertex including eyes 0.8 times width of pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 3) longer in middle line than broad at widest part (2.62:1). Frons (Fig. 4) 2.97 times as long as middle line at widest part. Pronotum (Fig. 3) shorter in middle line than vertex (1:2.59). Mesonotum (Fig. 3) 0.7 times as long as vertex and pronotum together in middle line. Forewing (Fig. 6) longer in middle line than broad at widest part (4.95:1); veins visible, with nodal line, R and MP with common stem, R with 3 branches before nodal line; after nodal line, R single, MP with five branches, CuA with two branches, Pcu uniting A1 at basal third of clavus. Hindwing (Fig. 7) 2.22 times as long as broad at widest part, ScP and RP single, MP and CuA with two branches.
Male genitalia. Anal segment in dorsal view (Fig. 8), 2 times as long as middle line at widest part, broadening apically, broadest at apical third; in lateral view (Fig. 9), dorsal margin slightly concave, ventral margin slightly concave. Anal style small (Fig. 8). Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 9), posterior margin with one finger-like process dorsally, upper ⅔ concave, lower ⅓ almost straight; in posterior view (Fig. 10), nearly oval, 1.5 times as long as widest part; in ventral view (Fig. 12), posterior margin with two short and broad medioventral processes, anterior margin convex. Genital styles  with median portion broad, large, each with four processes, 2.2 times as long as widest part. Aedeagus (Figs 13-14) tubular, slender and long, tapering apically, in lateral view, strongly curved to the basement, apical half broadly concave.

Host plant
Bamboo.

Remarks
This new species is similar to A. namboina, but differs in: 1) pygofer in lateral view, posterior margin with one finger-like process near dorsal margin (vs without in A. namboina); 2) aedeagus broadly concave posteriorly on apical half (vs almost straight in A. namboina); 3) pygofer in ventral view, posterior margin with two small medioventral processes (vs relatively large medioventral processes in A. namboina).

Etymology
The specific name is derived from the Latin word ʻtriainaʼ which refers to the genital styles with three processes. Coloration. Body mainly yellowish green (Figs 15-19). Eyes taupe. Antennae with one black spot at apex of pedicel. Pronotum and mesonotum with wide median light red stripe. Spines of legs with black apices. Head and thorax. Vertex including eyes as wide as pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 17) longer in middle line than broad at widest part (2.3:1). Frons (Fig. 18) 2.4 times as long as middle line at widest part. Pronotum (Fig. 17) shorter in middle line than vertex (1:2.5). Mesonotum (Fig. 17) 0.8 times as long as vertex and pronotum together in middle line. Forewing (Fig. 20) longer in middle line than broad at widest part (4.9:1); veins visible, with nodal line, R and MP with common stem, R with 3 branches before nodal line; after nodal line, R single, MP with four branches, CuA single, Pcu uniting A1 at basal third of clavus. Hindwing (Fig. 21) 2.12 times as long as broad at widest part, ScP and RP single, MP and CuA with two branches.

Holotype
Male genitalia. Anal segment in dorsal view (Fig. 22), 1.4 times as long as middle line at widest part, broadening apically, broadest at apex; in lateral view (Fig. 23), dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral margin slightly concave. Anal style large (Fig. 22). Posterior margin of pygofer in lateral view ( Fig.  23) with one finger-like process dorsally, upper ⅔ concave, lower ⅓ almost straight, base convex; in posterior view (Fig. 24), nearly oval, 1.4 times as long as widest part; posterior margin in ventral view (Fig. 26), with two short and small medioventral processes, anterior margin almost straight. Genital styles  with median portion broad, large, each with three processes, 2.7 times as long as widest part. Aedeagus (Figs 27-28) tubular, slender and long, tapering apically, in lateral view, strongly curved to the basement, with almost straight apical half. two symmetrical lobes, each lobe with many spines at apical margin and dorsal margin. Gonoplac (third valvula) with outer surface shagreen (Figs 29-30); in lateral view ( Fig. 29) with median portion broad, large, apical margin convex; in ventral view (Fig. 30) blade-like.

Remarks
This new species is similar to A. tetraina sp. nov., but differs in: 1) anal style large (vs small in A. tetraina sp. nov.); 2) aedeagus with almost straight apical half (vs broadly concave in A.tetraina sp. nov.); 3) genital styles with three processes (vs with four processes in A. tetraina sp. nov.).

Host plant
Our field survey showed that the new species of Augilina from Southwest China occur on bamboo. The habitat of A. triaina sp. nov. is shown in Fig. 36, unfortunately, no more specific information about the host bamboo species is available for A. tetraina sp. nov. According to Gnezdilov (2013b), A. namboina was also collected on bamboo. Therefore, we infer that the host plant of the genus Augilina is bamboo. From the information we have obtained, we can conclude that the genera Augilodes Fennah, 1963, Pseudosymplanella Che, Zhang & Webb, 2009, Symplana Kirby, 1891, Symplanella Fennah, 1987and Youtuus Chen & Gong, 2018 of the tribe Augilini occur on bamboo.

Distribution
Based on the literature and the result of field work, A. longipes Melichar, 1914 was collected in the Philippines (Melichar 1914), A. namboina Gnezdilov, 2013occurred in Vietnam (Gnezdilov 2013b, and the two new species described above are distributed in southern China (Fig. 35). It seems that the members of the genus Augilina are restricted to the Oriental region.