Revision of Ganomymar De Santis, 1972, a remarkable genus of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Madagascar

A rare fairyfl y (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) genus, Ganomymar De Santis, 1972, is revised and rediagnosed based on both sexes; its males were previously unknown. This genus, which has remarkable structures on the propodeum and peculiar fore wings in females, is known only from Madagascar in the Afrotropical region. Its type species, Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972, is redescribed and illustrated based on a non-type female specimen. Three new species of Ganomymar are described: G. caslot sp. nov., G. libertatium sp. nov., and G. zuparkoi sp. nov. The species are placed in two distinct species groups. A key to females of the four species is provided. Kewords. Mymaridae, fairyfl y, biodiversity, Afrotropical region, Madagascar. Triapitsyn S.V. 2021. Revision of Ganomymar De Santis, 1972, a remarkable genus of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Madagascar. European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.757.1417 Introduction The fauna of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), commonly known as fairyfl ies, of Madagascar is particularly interesting and diverse. Although mostly Afrotropical, Madagascar has several endemic genera in the Polynema Haliday genus group. Most of them are still undescribed, but one, a rare genus Ganomymar De Santis, 1972, was previously known from a single female specimen, the holotype of its type species Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972. There has been no other mention of Ganomymar in the taxonomic literature since its original description. Ganomymar appears to be quite rare: despite the more recent collection of thousands of fairyfl y specimens from Madagascar, only a few were found among the 95% ethanol-preserved samples of Mymaridae sorted to family by Robert L. Zuparko at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. Among them, I identifi ed one female G. dessarti and three previously unknown species, which are described. Two of these new species are represented by both sexes; the previously unknown males of Ganomymar are also described and illustrated, displaying a remarkable sexual dimorphism in one of them. A key to females of the four species is given. European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 128 Material and methods Institutional abbreviations CAS = California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA RBINS = Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium UCRC = Entomology Research Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA Abbreviations for morphological terms F = funicular segment of the female antenna or fl agellomere of the male antenna mps = multiporous plate sensillum or sensilla on the antennal fl agellar segments (= longitudinal sensillum or sensilla or sensory ridge(s) of other authors) Specimens were critical point dried from 95% ethanol, point-mounted, and labeled. Selected specimens were then dissected and slide-mounted in Canada balsam after their habitus digital images had been taken using an Auto-Montage system by Syncroscopy. Terms used for morphological features are mostly those of Gibson (1997). All measurements of the primary types were taken from the slide-mounted specimens, unless stated otherwise, and are given in micrometers (μm), as length or, for the wings, as length:width. Results Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758 Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder Apocrita Gerstaecker, 1867 Superfamily Chalcidoidea Latreille, 1817 Family Mymaridae Haliday, 1833 Genus Ganomymar De Santis, 1972 Figs 1–15 Ganomymar De Santis, 1972: 1–2 (type species: Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972, by original designation). Diagnosis Both sexes Vertex with a small pit-like depression next to each ocellus (Fig. 2C). Face without a pit next to each torulus. Mandible 3-dentate. Radicle very short, fused with the rest of scape. Pronotum entire; prosternum separated from head by propleura abutting each other anteriorly, and incompletely divided by a weak, short carina posteriorly; mesoscutum wider than long, with fairly wide notaular grooves ending anteriorly in small pits; scutellum separated posteriorly from frenum by transverse row of small foveae, and with campaniform sensilla closer to posterior margin than to anterior margin and very close to each other; frenum short, 0.2–0.33 × length of scutellum; propodeum at posterior margin with a pair of small white puffs (spherical structures of unknown nature that are very translucent and thus not visible in slide-mounted specimens) on both sides of petiole attachment (best seen in dry-mounted specimens, Figs 7A, 10B). Tarsi 4-segmented. Petiole attached posteriorly to gastral sternum. Female Antenna (Figs 2D, 6E, 8D, 14B) 9-segmented (funicle 6-segmented), with scape notably compressed laterally and smooth; F1 the shortest and F2 the longest funiculars and F3 the second longest, all 6 funiculars without mps; clava large, entire, with 6 mps arranged as follows: 2 about in the middle, and TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 129 2 subapical pairs. Macropterous or brachypterous. Ovipositor not or at most barely exserted beyond apex of gaster. Male Antenna (Figs 5C, 11A) much longer than body, 13-segmented (fl agellum 11-segmented), with all fl agellomeres much longer than wide and each with several mps. Macropterous. Digiti of genitalia (Figs 5B, 12B) without denticles apically. The caslot species group Both sexes macropterous (Figs 1, 3A, 4, 5D, 13, 14E); mesosoma (Figs 2E, 3B, 14D) smooth, with pronotum not enlarged and propodeum either without carinae or with a short median carina extending from posterior margin for at most half length. The dessarti species group Females brachypterous (Figs 6A–B, 7C–D, 9A–B) and males macropterous (Figs 10A, 12A); propodeum in both sexes with prominent submedian carinae (Figs 6D, 7A, 8C, 11C); female mesosoma at least partially reticulate (Figs 6D, 8B–C, E), with pronotum notably enlarged; male mesosoma (Fig. 11B–C) mostly smooth, with pronotum not enlarged. Remarks Ganomymar belongs to the Polynema Haliday, 1833 genus group, as defi ned by Lin et al. (2007). Its relationships to other members of the group are unclear, and without having any genetic evidence, it would be premature to make an educated guess. The genus has a unique feature, the propodeum with a pair of small white puffs at posterior margin at both sides of the petiole attachment in both sexes. This feature, and the peculiar fore wings, particularly in females, separates Ganomymar from all other members of the Polynema genus group. The four known species are placed in two distinct, informal species groups (two species in each), as defi ned above. The males (known only for one species in each group) are quite similar morphologically except for the markedly different confi guration of the propodeal carina(e) in both sexes. That is quite unusual for the Polynema genus group in which presence or absence and the confi guration of propodeal carina(e) when present, are often important diagnostic features used to distinguish the genera. This variability in propodeal carinae also occurs in species of Cremnomymar Ogloblin, 1952 (Mymaridae) from Juan Fernández Islands, Chile (Huber 2013). Hosts and biology Unknown. Distribution Afrotropical region: Madagascar. Key to species of Ganomymar (females) 1 Mesosoma at least partially reticulate (Figs 6D, 8B–C, E), with pronotum notably enlarged and propodeum with prominent submedian carinae (Figs 7A, 8C); brachypterous (Figs 7C–D, 9A–B) (dessarti species group) .................................................................................................................... 2 – Mesosoma smooth (Figs 2E, 14D), with pronotum not enlarged and propodeum either without carinae or with a short median carina extending from posterior margin for at most half length (Fig. 2E); macropterous (Figs 3A, 14E) (caslot species group) ....................................................... 3 2 Head dark brown to black (Fig. 6A–B), vertex smooth (Fig. 6C); rest of body mostly light brown (Fig. 6A–B); fore wing narrow, without ‘cells’ beyond venation (Fig. 7C) ....................................... ................................................................................................................. G. dessarti De Santis, 1972 European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 130 – Head mostly pale yellow (Fig. 9C), vertex with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 8B); rest of body mostly yellow (Fig. 9C); fore wing wide, with numerous round ‘cells’ beyond venation (Fig. 9A) ......................................................................................................... G. libertatium sp. nov. 3 Clava white, contrastingly lighter than funicle (Figs 1A, 2D), F2 about 6 × as long as wide; fore wing (Fig. 3A) with longest marginal seta at most 0.85 × greatest width of wing ...................................... ..................................................................................................................................G. caslot sp. nov. – Clava brown, contrastingly darker than funicle (Figs 13B, 14B), F2 about 11 × as long as wide; fore wing (Fig. 14E) with longest marginal seta about 1.1 × greatest width of wing ................................ .............................................................................................................................G. zuparkoi sp. nov. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F364774F-6D86-4DC1-BBAE-AEBBD0D14C03 Figs 1–5 Diagnosis Ganomymar caslot is a member of the caslot species group. Females differ from the other species of this group, G. zuparkoi, by the diagnostic features given in the key. Etymology The species epithet is a noun in apposition referring to CAS LOT [California Academy of Sciences, lot number] numbers on the specimens borrowed from CAS. Type material Holotype MADAGASCAR • ♀ (on slide, complete and dissected under 4 coverslips) [Fig. 2A]; Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region [formerly within Fianarantsoa Province], Ranomafana National Park; “MADAGASCAR: Prov. Fianarantsoa Parc National de Ranomafana Vatoharanana River, 1100 m 21°17′24′′S, 47°26′00′′E 27– 31.iii.2003, [B.L.] Fisher, [T.L.] Griswold et al., pitfall trap in montane rainfor[est] BLF8402, CAS LOT # 009546”, “Mounted at UCR/ERM by V. V. Berezovskiy 2004 in Canada balsam”, [red] “Ganomymar caslot Triapitsyn HOLOTYPE ♀”, “Det. by S. V. Triapitsyn 2012”, [a small red circle indicative to a number of someone’s digital image(s)], “016a”; CAS. Paratypes MADAGASCAR • 1 ♀ (on point); same locality data as for holotype; “MADAGASCAR: Prov. Fianarantsoa Parc National de Ranomafana Vatoharanana River, 1100 m 21°17′24′′S, 47°26′00′′E 27– 31.iii.2003, [B.L.] Fisher, [T.L.] Griswold et al., pitfall trap in montane rainfor[est] BLF8402, CAS LOT # 009546”; CAS • 1 ♀ (on point), same collection data as for preceding; UCRC • 1 ♀ (on slide), 1 ♀ (on point); same locality data as for preceding; “MADAGASCAR: Prov. Fianarantsoa Parc National de Ranomafana Vatoharanana River, 1100 m 21°17′24′′S, 47°26′00′′E 27–31.iii.2003, [B.L.] Fisher, [T.L.] Griswold et al., YPT in montane rainforest BLF8399, CAS LOT # 011175”; UCRC • 1 ♀ (on point); Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region [formerly within Fianarantsoa Province], Ranomafana National Park; “MADAGASCAR: Prov. Fianarantsoa Parc National Ranomafana 1130 m, 21°15.05′S, 47°24.43′E 7–17.v.2003, R. Harin’Hala, MT MA-02-09B-60, CAS LOT # 016339”; CAS • 1 ♀ (on slide); AtsimoAtsinanana Region (formerly within Fianarantsoa Province), Midongy du Sud (also known as MidongyBefotaka or Befotaka-Midongy) National Park; “MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Prov. Parc National Befotaka-Midongy Papango, 1250 m, MT 23°50′27′′S, 46°57′27′′E 17–19.xi.2006, B.[L.] Fisher et al. BLF14944, CAS LOT # 035001”; CAS • 1 ♂ (on slide); same collection data as for preceding; UCRC • 1 ♂ (on point); same collection data as for preceding; CAS • 1 ♀ (on slide); Anosy Region [formerly TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 131 Fig. 1. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov. A. ♀, paratype (CASENT 2079162), habitus in dorsolateral view. B. ♀, paratype (CASENT 2079174), habitus in lateral view. European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 132 Fig. 2. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov., ♀. A. Holotype slide. B. Head in frontal view, holotype (CAS). C. Head in dorsal view, paratype (CASENT 2079164). D. Antenna, holotype (CAS). E. Mesosoma, holotype (CAS). F. Metasoma, holotype (CAS). TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 133 Fig. 3. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov. A. Fore and hind wings, ♀ , holotype (CAS). B. Mesosoma, metasoma and legs, ♂, paratype (CASENT 2079167). European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 134 within Toliara Province], Andohahela National Park; “MADAGASCAR Toliara Prov. Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Cedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.8 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 21–25 I 2002 24°45′50′′S 46°45′6′′E coll. [B.L.] Fisher, [T.L.] Griswold et al. California Academy of Sciences pitfall trap montane rainforest elev 900m code BLF5013”, “CASLOT # 008196”; CAS • 1 ♀ (on point); same locality as for preceding; “MADAGASCAR Toliara Prov. Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Cedro, 900 m 24°45′50′′S 46°45′06′′E 21–25.i.2002, B. L. Fisher et al. pitfall trap in montane rainforest CAS LOT # 008196, BLF5013”; UCRC. Description Female (holotype) COLOR. Head black except face dark brown, rest of body (as in the paratype, Fig. 1) mostly light brown, the mesosoma, except pronotum, slightly darker than pronotum and metasoma; appendages mostly light brown except clava white. HEAD (Fig. 2B). Slightly wider than high, 1.2 × as wide as mesosoma; face smooth, with fi ne, inconspicuous setae below toruli, the latter raised above face surface and projecting slightly forward in dorsal view; vertex smooth and with 4 or 5 pairs of longer setae; occiput with 2 pairs of longer setae. ANTENNA (Fig. 2D). Scape, excluding radicle, 3.1 × as long as wide; pedicel smooth, longer than F1 and 1.8 × as long as wide; F5 as long as F6, length to width ratios of funiculars: F1 = 2.3, F2 = 6.1; F3 = 4.2; Fig. 4. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov., ♂, paratype (CASENT 2079171), habitus in lateral view. TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 135 F4 = 2.4; F5 = 2.2; F6 = 2.6; clava 3.0 × as long as wide, longer than combined length of 3 preceding fl agellomeres. MESOSOMA (Fig. 2E). Smooth, about 1.9 × as long as wide; pronotum with 2 pairs of strong setae at posterior margin; axillar seta 0.078 mm long, extending to campaniform sensilla; scutellum + frenum as long as mesoscutum, scutellum divided mediolongitudinally by a shallow groove; propodeum with a short median carina extending from posterior margin for about half length. Fig. 5. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov., ♂, paratype (CASENT 2079167). A. Head in frontal view. B. Genitalia. C. Antenna. D. Fore and hind wings. European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 136 WINGS. Macropterous. Fore wing (Fig. 3A) 5.1 × as long as wide; marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc notably infumate, densely setose beyond venation, the discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein, with numerous round ʻcells’ beyond venation particularly conspicuous up to about 0.6 × length of wing and then gradually fading towards apex so not visible at wing apex; longest marginal seta 0.85 × greatest width of wing, proximal fringe setae on anterior margin stronger than other fringe setae. Hind wing (Fig. 3A) about 35 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate, with 2 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 2.4 × greatest width of wing. LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with dense white setae. METASOMA. Petiole (Fig. 2F) smooth, 3.4 × as long as wide and slightly swollen medially, about as long as metacoxa. Ovipositor 0.8 × length of gaster (Fig. 2F), not exserted beyond its apex, about as long as mesotibia and about 0.8 × length of metatibia. MEASUREMENTS (μm). Mesosoma = 492; mesoscutum = 154; scutellum = 154; petiole = 70; gaster = 455; ovipositor = 370. Radicle = 30; rest of scape = 179; pedicel = 66; F1 = 45; F2 = 148; F3 = 124; F4 = 88; F5 = 66; F6 = 66; clava = 267. Fore wing = 1396:276; venation = 326; longest marginal seta = 234. Hind wing = 940:27; longest marginal seta = 66. Mesotibia = 375; metatibia = 443. Variations Female (paratypes) MEASUREMENTS. Body length (critical point dried specimens, Fig. 1) 1.125–1.24 mm. In slide-mounted specimens, scape, excluding radicle, 2.9–3.0 × as long as wide, clava 3.0–3.5 × as long as wide. ANTENNA. Clava white to very light yellow. MESOSOMA. Propodeum either without a distinct median carina or with a short median carina extending from posterior margin for about one-third to half length. WINGS. Fore wing 4.9–5.0 × as long as wide, longest marginal seta about 0.8 × greatest width of fore wing. GENITALIA. Ovipositor 0.8–0.9 × length of metatibia. Male (paratypes) MEASUREMENTS. Body length (critical point dried specimens, Fig. 4) 1.125–1.155 mm. COLOR. Head (Fig. 5A) black except face dark brown, rest of body (Fig. 3B) mostly brown except pronotum and petiole light brown and apical gastral terga dark brown; scape and pedicel light brown, fl agellum brown; legs mostly light brown except metatibia slightly darker. MESOSOMA. Propodeum without a median carina. WINGS. Fore wing (Fig. 5D) 1.568 mm long, 4.5 × as long as wide, its longest marginal seta 0.9 × greatest width of wing; hind wing (Fig. 5D) about 39 × as long as wide, its longest marginal seta 6.7 × greatest width of wing. ANTENNA (Fig. 5C). 2.585 mm long, with scape smooth, 2.4 × as long as wide excluding radicle, and much shorter than any funicular; F2 the longest and F6 the shortest funiculars. GENITALIA (Fig. 5B). 0.23 mm long. TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 137 Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972 Figs 6–7 Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972: 2–3 (type locality: unknown, except being in Madagascar (De Santis 1972)). Holotype female [RBINS], dry-mounted except for one antenna and one fore wing mounted on a slide in Faure’s liquid (De Santis 1972), examined during a visit in June 1997. Diagnosis Ganomymar dessarti is a member of the dessarti species group. Females differ from those of G. libertatium by the diagnostic features given in the key. Material examined MADAGASCAR • 1 ♀ (on slide); Alaotra-Mangoro Region [formerly within Toamasina Province], Andasibe-Mantadia National Park; “MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Prov. Parc National Mantadia 18°47.5′S, 48°25.6′E, 895 m 25–28.xi.1998, H. J. Ratsirarson (#111). Sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), rainforest CAS LOT # 014698”; CAS. Redescription Female (non-type specimen) COLOR. Head black, rest of body (Fig. 6A–B) mostly light brown; scape and pedicel light brown, funicle brown, clava white; legs light brown except metacoxa and metatrochanter pale. HEAD (Fig. 6C). Large, 1.35 × as wide as mesosoma. Face smooth and with fi ne, inconspicuous setae below toruli; toruli raised above face surface, in dorsal view projecting forward and in lateral view the anteriormost point on the head; vertex smooth, with 4 or 5 pairs of short, strong setae. ANTENNA (Fig. 6E). Scape, excluding radicle, 2.7 × as long as wide; pedicel smooth, longer than F1 and 1.5 × as long as wide; F5 as long as F6, length to width ratios of funiculars: F1 = 2.1, F2 = 6.4; F3 = 4.9; F4 = 3.3; F5 = 2.3; F6 = 1.9; clava 2.8 × as long as wide, longer than combined length of 3 preceding fl agellomeres. MESOSOMA (Fig. 6D). About 1.9 × as long as wide, with mesoscutum except at anterior margin, scutellum + frenum, and metanotum reticulate, with sculpture on mesoscutum mesh-like, on scutellum and metanotum longitudinal, otherwise smooth; pronotum almost entire but with very short mediolongitudinal groove anteriorly, with 2 pairs of strong setae at posterior margin; axillar seta 0.05 mm long; scutellum + frenum a little longer than mesoscutum, scutellum not divided mediolongitudinally, with campaniform sensilla very close to its posterior margin; propodeum (Fig. 7A) with prominent, widely separated, subparallel, almost complete submedian carinae and area between them raised anteromedially (best observed in lateral view, Fig. 6B). WINGS. Brachypterous. Fore wing (Fig. 7C) lanceolate and slightly, longitudinally folded apically (i.e., not quite fl at) (Fig. 6A–B), 7.1 × as long as wide, extending far beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 6A–B); marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc strongly infumate, with discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein and densely setose beyond venation; fringe setae short and reduced, those on anterior margin markedly thicker than on posterior margin, longest marginal seta 0.27 × greatest width of wing. Hind wings (Fig. 7D) of different length and degree of brachyptery, one about 25 × and the other 17.5 × as long as wide; disc strongly infumate, fringe setae few and reduced. LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with dense white setae. European Journal of Taxonomy 757: 127–151 (2021) 138 Fig. 6. Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972, non-type, ♀, (CASENT 2079165), Andasibe-Mantadia National Park, Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Madagascar. A. Habitus in dorsal view. B. Habitus in dorsolateral view. C. Head in frontal view. D. Mesosoma. E. Antenna. TRIAPITSYN S.V., Revision of Ganomymar (Mymaridae) 139 METASOMA. Petiole (Fig. 7A) smooth, 2.4 × as long as wide and swollen medially, a little shorter than metacoxa. Ovipositor 0.85 length of gaster (Fig. 7B), not exserted beyond its apex, about 1.2 × length of mesotibia and about as long as metatibia. MEASUREMENTS (μm). Body (of the critical point dried specimen prior to slide-mounting) = 1190; head (of the critical point dried specimen prior to slide-mounting) = 232; mesosoma = 455; mesoscutum = 130; scutellum = 150; petiole = 123; gaster = 535; ovipositor = 445. Radicle = 28; rest of scape = 188; pedicel = 72; F1 = 48; F2 = 151; F3 = 127; F4 = 100; F5 = 75; F6 = 75; clava = 322. Fore wing = 1246:175; venation = 297; longest marginal seta = 48. Hind wing = 527:21 (421:24); longest marginal seta = 45. Mesotibia = 381; metatibia = 436.


Introduction
The fauna of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), commonly known as fairyfl ies, of Madagascar is particularly interesting and diverse. Although mostly Afrotropical, Madagascar has several endemic genera in the Polynema Haliday genus group. Most of them are still undescribed, but one, a rare genus Ganomymar De Santis, 1972, was previously known from a single female specimen, the holotype of its type species Ganomymar dessarti De Santis, 1972. There has been no other mention of Ganomymar in the taxonomic literature since its original description. Ganomymar appears to be quite rare: despite the more recent collection of thousands of fairyfl y specimens from Madagascar, only a few were found among the 95% ethanol-preserved samples of Mymaridae sorted to family by Robert L. Zuparko at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. Among them, I identifi ed one female G. dessarti and three previously unknown species, which are described. Two of these new species are represented by both sexes; the previously unknown males of Ganomymar are also described and illustrated, displaying a remarkable sexual dimorphism in one of them. A key to females of the four species is given.

Diagnosis
Ganomymar caslot is a member of the caslot species group. Females differ from the other species of this group, G. zuparkoi, by the diagnostic features given in the key.

Etymology
The species epithet is a noun in apposition referring to CAS LOT [California Academy of Sciences, lot number] numbers on the specimens borrowed from CAS.

Description
Female (holotype) COLOR. Head black except face dark brown, rest of body (as in the paratype, Fig. 1) mostly light brown, the mesosoma, except pronotum, slightly darker than pronotum and metasoma; appendages mostly light brown except clava white. HEAD (Fig. 2B). Slightly wider than high, 1.2 × as wide as mesosoma; face smooth, with fi ne, inconspicuous setae below toruli, the latter raised above face surface and projecting slightly forward in dorsal view; vertex smooth and with 4 or 5 pairs of longer setae; occiput with 2 pairs of longer setae. ANTENNA (Fig. 2D). Scape, excluding radicle, 3.1 × as long as wide; pedicel smooth, longer than F1 and 1.8 × as long as wide; F5 as long as F6, length to width ratios of funiculars: F1 = 2.3, F2 = 6.1; F3 = 4.2; Fig. 4. Ganomymar caslot sp. nov., ♂, paratype (CASENT 2079171), habitus in lateral view. F4 = 2.4; F5 = 2.2; F6 = 2.6; clava 3.0 × as long as wide, longer than combined length of 3 preceding fl agellomeres. MESOSOMA (Fig. 2E). Smooth, about 1.9 × as long as wide; pronotum with 2 pairs of strong setae at posterior margin; axillar seta 0.078 mm long, extending to campaniform sensilla; scutellum + frenum as long as mesoscutum, scutellum divided mediolongitudinally by a shallow groove; propodeum with a short median carina extending from posterior margin for about half length. WINGS. Macropterous. Fore wing (Fig. 3A) 5.1 × as long as wide; marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc notably infumate, densely setose beyond venation, the discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein, with numerous round ʻcells' beyond venation particularly conspicuous up to about 0.6 × length of wing and then gradually fading towards apex so not visible at wing apex; longest marginal seta 0.85 × greatest width of wing, proximal fringe setae on anterior margin stronger than other fringe setae. Hind wing (Fig. 3A) about 35 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate, with 2 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 2.4 × greatest width of wing.
LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with dense white setae.

Diagnosis
Ganomymar dessarti is a member of the dessarti species group. Females differ from those of G. libertatium by the diagnostic features given in the key.
WINGS. Brachypterous. Fore wing (Fig. 7C) lanceolate and slightly, longitudinally folded apically (i.e., not quite fl at) (Fig. 6A-B), 7.1 × as long as wide, extending far beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 6A-B); marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc strongly infumate, with discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein and densely setose beyond venation; fringe setae short and reduced, those on anterior margin markedly thicker than on posterior margin, longest marginal seta 0.27 × greatest width of wing. Hind wings (Fig. 7D) of different length and degree of brachyptery, one about 25 × and the other 17.5 × as long as wide; disc strongly infumate, fringe setae few and reduced.
LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with dense white setae.

Diagnosis
Ganomymar libertatium is a member dessarti species group. Its female differs from the other member of this group, G. dessarti, by the diagnostic features given in the key.

Etymology
The species epithet refers to Libertatia, a legendary free colony in Madagascar in the late 17 th century.
WINGS. Brachypterous. Fore wing (Fig. 9A) with pointed apex, 3.6 × as long as wide, extending a little beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 9C); marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc infumate and with 2 brown bands, densely setose beyond venation, with the modifi ed, very short and strong, discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein, with numerous round 'cells' beyond venation; longest marginal seta 0.15 × greatest width of wing, proximal fringe setae on anterior margin much thicker than other fringe setae. Hind wing (Fig. 9B) strongly reduced, almost without membrane and setae.
LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with sparse white setae. METASOMA. Petiole (Fig. 8C) smooth, 2.5 × as long as wide and slightly swollen medially, a little longer than metacoxa. Ovipositor 0.85 × length of gaster (Fig. 8E), barely exserted beyond its apex, 1.4 × length of mesotibia and about 1.1 × length of metatibia.   MEASUREMENTS. Body length (of the critical point dried specimen prior to slide-mounting) 1.125 mm, head length (of the critical point dried specimen prior to slide-mounting) 0.165 mm.
COLOR. Head mostly brown except face and occiput light brown and trabeculae dark brown; pronotum yellowish dorsally and pale laterally, remainder of mesosoma brown; petiole whitish, gaster mostly whitish basally and brownish laterally and apically; scape and pedicel pale light brown, fl agellum brown except F9-F11 white (F9 less so than following fl agellomeres); legs mostly whitish to pale light brown except pro-and mesocoxae partially and metacoxa entirely white.
WINGS. Macropterous; fore wing ( Fig. 12A) 1.206 mm long, 4.9 × as long as wide, marginal vein with 2 dorsal macrochaetae, disc without round 'cells', with 3 or 4 setae behind apex of submarginal vein, bare just beyond venation and densely setose elsewhere, discal microtrichia normal, long, longest marginal seta a little more than 0.9 × greatest width of wing; hind wing ( Fig. 12A) about 32 × as long as wide, with membrane narrow, its longest marginal seta 5.5 × greatest width of wing.
MESOSOMA (Figs 14D,15). Smooth, about 1.9 × as long as wide; pronotum with 2 pairs of strong setae at posterior margin; axillar seta 0.045 mm long, not extending to campaniform sensilla; scutellum + frenum a little shorter than mesoscutum, scutellum almost completely divided mediolongitudinally WINGS. Macropterous. Fore wing (Fig. 14E) 5.4 × as long as wide; marginal vein with 1 dorsal macrochaeta; disc slightly infumate, densely setose beyond venation, the discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein, with numerous round 'cells' beyond venation particularly conspicuous up to about 0.8 × length of wing and not visible at wing's apex; longest marginal seta about 1.1 × greatest width of wing, proximal fringe setae on anterior margin thicker than other fringe setae. Hind wing (Fig. 14E) about 42 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate, with 2 rows of setae; longest marginal seta 7.3 × greatest width of wing.
LEGS. All legs smooth, metacoxa with white setae.

Male
Unknown.

Discussion
The peculiar fore wings of females of species of Ganomymar, some of which are at least somewhat reduced (Figs 7C, 9A) or having characteristic numerous round 'cells' beyond venation (Figs 3A, 9A, 14E), possibly have something to do with the habitats of their unknown hosts that may lay eggs in leaf litter in montane and other reinforests in Madagascar. Indeed, most of the specimens borrowed from CAS were collected either by sifting litter (leaf mold, rotten wood, etc.) or by using pitfall or yellow pan traps. Squeezing through leaf litter and wood debris while searching for host eggs with large, normal wings could lead to their damage in females. Possibly, the numerous round 'cells' on the fore wings of three of the four known species of Ganomymar (these are not evident in G. dessarti which has reduced and very narrow, slightly convex, with a longitudinal apical fold, fore wings, Figs 6A-B, 7C) could thus be a reinforcement structure for the otherwise delicate wing membrane. Although the narrow, apically pointed fore wing of females of G. dessarti is somewhat similar in shape to those of some species of Cremnomymar from the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile) (illustrated in Huber 2013), apparently, the reduction in G. dessarti is not related to that common among fairyfl ies from small island and high altitude habitats with windy conditions. As noted by Huber (2013), wing reductions, such as brachyptery or aptery, usually occur where there is a strong selection pressure against having fully developed wings. In the case of females of species of Ganomymar, we can observe a gradation from the two macropterous species from the caslot species group (G. caslot and G. zuparkoi) to the two moderately brachypterous species from the dessarti species group (G. dessarti and G. libertatium). Interestingly, brachyptery in females of the latter species group defi nitely correlates with a more reticulate head and mesosoma, at least slightly projected forward toruli, and prominent submedian carinae on the propodeum whereas the two macropterous members of the former species group have more normally shaped heads, smooth mesosomata, and the propodeum is either without or with a short, rather weak median carina. At the same time, males, which are only known for G. caslot and G. libertatium, are macropterous, unlike the brachypterous males of some species of Cremnomymar, as illustrated in Huber (2013). That is indicative of the selective pressure for brachyptery in females coming from the leaf litter and wood debris on large island habitats for species of Ganomymar versus windy, small island habitats for species of Cremnomymar that affect both sexes.