A review of Dichorrhinus Desbrochers , 1875 ( Coleoptera , Curculionidae ) with two new species from Greece and Turkey , and from Cyprus

The species of the Eastern Mediterranean genus Dichorrhinus Desbrochers, 1875 are reviewed. D. geiseri sp. nov. is described from Samos Island (Greece) and Western Turkey, and D. alziari sp. nov. is described from Cyprus. Dichorrhinus korbi Schilsky, 1911 is redescribed. An illustrated key to the species of Dichorrhinus is provided, and new records are presented.


Introduction
The genus Dichorrhinus was described by Desbrochers (1875) with its type species D. pseudoscythropus Desbrochers, 1875 from a locality nowadays situated in Lebanon.Presently, Dichorrhinus comprises four species: D. pseudoscythropus from Lebanon and Syria, D. creticus (Faust, 1889) from Crete, Greece, D. freyi F. Solari, 1940 from Libya andD. korbi Schilsky, 1911 from Turkey.All species are characterised by the unique shape of their rostrum, which has a bright, glabrous and shiny nasal plate.
The genera most similar to Dichorrhinus, concerning their habitus and rostrum with a glabrous nasal plate, are Parascythopus Desbrochers, 1875 (Phyllobiini) and Pachyrhinus Schönherr, 1823 (Polydrusini), where especially Pachyrhinus lethierryi (Desbrochers, 1875) can be confused with a Dichorrhinus at first sight based on a similar habitus, although the scrobes are laterally open in Pachyrhinus.It was Solari (1940) who proposed placing Dichorrhinus in Phyllobiini, based on the dorsally open antennal scrobes, followed by Pesarini (1980) and Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999).The last review of Dichorrhinus was included in Pesarini's survey of Phyllobiini (1980).The entirely glabrous and shiny nasal plate of the rostrum allows a reliable separation of Dichorrhinus and Parascythopus from Phyllobius Germar, 1824, and Dichorrhinus differs from Parascythopus in the broader, roundish scales (piliform and acuminate in Parascythopus) and the elevated glabrous surface of the nasal plate, well separated towards the base of the rostrum (not elevated and indistinctly separated in Parascythopus).
The present review of Dichorrhinus was initiated after the collection of new specimens in Greece, Turkey, Syria and Cyprus.The examination of these specimens led to the discovery of D. geiseri sp.nov.from Western Turkey and Greece.The comparison of specimens collected in Syria and Cyprus revealed that the latter belong to another unnamed species, D. alziari sp.nov., described below.Specimens from Cyprus have generally been regarded as D. pseudoscythropus, described by Desbrochers (1875) from Djebel Baalbek in Lebanon (Winkler 1924-1932;Solari 1940;Pesarini 1980;Alziar 1995Alziar , 2003Alziar , 2012)).This series of misidentifications was started by Desbrochers himself (1902a, b), when he provided a redescription of the genus Dichorrhinus and its type species D. pseudoscythropus (1902b: 151-152), indicating "Chypre" as provenance.
Furthermore, a larger series of Dichorrhinus korbi, collected in Turkey, and the examination of the holotype allowed this species to be redescribed.

Material and methods
Photographs were taken with a 5-megapixel digital camera (Leica DFC 420).Series of images were captured through a binocular microscope (Leica MZ16) and processed through Auto-Montage software (Imagic Image Access, Version 8).
All measurements were taken digitally with the measurement-tool of the above mentioned Auto-Montage software.Body length was measured from the anterior margin of the eye to the apex of the elytra.
Colour.Body, head and femora dark brown to black; nasal plate, antennae, tips of femora, partly tibiae and all tarsal segments reddish-brown.
Head.Eyes strongly convex, protruding, short oval in section.Rostrum about as long as wide, with well separated, glabrous and reddish-brown nasal plate; glossy from rostral dorsum to the scrobes.From there to epistome punctuate-striate.Head and basal half of rostrum with oval, green-metallic scales and long, partly bowed, dark hairs.Antennae reddish brown, apex of scape and club slightly darker.Antennal scape long, bowed and slender, reaching fore margin of pronotum.Apex of scape thickened, three times wider than base.Seven segments of antennal funiculus as follows (L/W): 1: 3.2, 2: 3.5, 3: 2.1, 4 th and 5 th 1.9, 6: 1.4, 7: 1.5.Club fusiform, long and slender.
Pronotum.(L/W): 0.7, transverse, widest in the middle, strongly constricted just before fore margin, sides rounded.Densely and irregularly punctuate on disc, vestiture consisting of oval, metallic green scales and long, dark, bowed hairs.GERMANN C., A review of Dichorrhinus, with description of two new species elytra.(L/W) male: 1.9, female: 1.7, parallel-sided.Base much wider than pronotum.Shoulders well pronounced.Striae linear and regularly punctuate, interstriae slightly wider.Vestiture consisting of green-metallic, broad, roundish scales, straight cut at hind margin (nearly triangular), and long, semiraised, dark hairs.Scutellum longer than wide, rounded at tip. legS.All femora strong, with sharp teeth varying in size, tibiae straight.Four visible tarsal segments, 1 st segment 1.4 times longer than 2 nd , 3 rd slightly shorter, about twice as wide, 4 th segment tiny and hardly visible, 5 th reaching as far as 1 st .Claws fused at base, simple.male genitalia (Fig. 2A-F).Sides of median lobe of aedeagus sinuate, apex with short and blunt (rounded) tip.Apodeme as long as median lobe.Tegmen with short parameres, tegminal apodeme straight, about half as long as apodeme of aedeagus.Ventrite 8 slightly curved, as long as aedeagus.

GERMANN C., A review of Dichorrhinus, with description of two new species
Female genitalia.Ventrite 8 with very long and slender apodeme.Spermatheca with pointed, almost straight nodulus and strongly curved, globular cornu (Fig. 2T).
Sexual dimorPHiSm.Elytra of male parallel, widest at base, elytra pointed towards apex.Elytra of female widest at last third, rounded towards apex.

Host plants
The new species was collected in the phrygana plant association on Samos Island while beating and sweeping (M.Geiser, written communication), and while collecting in Turkey in steppe habitats mostly at higher altitudes (Fig. 3) (P.Białooki, written communication).Colour.Body, head and femora dark brown to black; nasal plate, antennae, tips of femora, partly tibiae and all tarsal segments reddish-brown.
Pronotum.(L/W): 0.9, transverse, widest in the middle, strongly constricted just before fore margin, sides rounded.Densely and irregularly punctuate on disc, vestiture consisting of oval, metallic green scales and long, dark, bowed hairs.
Sexual dimorPHiSm.See above.

Remark
The description of Phyllobius squamosus korbi Schilsky, 1908, and the missing entry of the description of Dichorrhinus korbi in Lona (1936) caused an uncertainty about the year of description of D. korbi.However, this is corrected here.The label data (see below) of the holotype of D. korbi deposited in the NFM is in accordance with the description (Schilsky 1911).The examination of the holotype specimen, furthermore, revealed that the type is a female specimen, and not a male as written by Schilsky (1911) and repeated by Solari (1940).
Colour.Body, head, femora and tibiae dark brown to black; nasal plate, antennae, tips of femora and basis of tibiae and all tarsal segments reddish-brown.
Head.Eyes strongly convex, very protruding, short oval in section.Rostrum about as long as wide, with well separated, glabrous and reddish-brown nasal plate, darkened in the middle; glossy from rostral dorsum to the scrobes.From there to epistome punctuate-striate.Head and basal half of rostrum with oval, green-metallic scales and long, partly bowed, dark hairs.Antennae reddish brown, second half of scape, partly funiculus and club slightly darker.Antennal scape long, bowed and slender, reaching fore margin of pronotum.Apex of scape thickened, three times wider than base.Seven segments of antennal funiculus as follows (L/W): 1: 3.0, 2: 3.8, 3: 2.7, 4 th to 6 th : 2.0, 7: 1.6.Club fusiform, long and slender.
Pronotum.(L/W): 0.7, transverse, widest in the middle, strongly constricted just before fore margin, sides weakly rounded.Densely and irregularly punctuate on disc, vestiture consisting of oval, metallic green scales and long, dark, bowed hairs.
elytra.(L/W) males: 2.1, females: 1.8, parallel-sided.Base much wider than pronotum.Shoulders well pronounced.Striae linear and regularly punctuate, interstriae slightly wider.Vestiture consisting of green-metallic, broad, roundish scales, rounded and partly cut at hind margin, and long, semi-raised, dark hairs.Scutellum longer than wide, rounded at tip. legS.Femora mostly with small, sharp teeth (at least meso-and metafemora).This character shows considerable variation in the examined specimens; teeth can also be completely reduced, tibiae straight.Four visible tarsal segments, 1 st segment 1.4 times longer than 2 nd , 3 rd slightly shorter, about twice as wide, 4 th segment tiny and hardly visible, 5 th reaching as far as 1 st .Claws fused at base, simple.male genitalia (Fig. 2K-O).Sides of median lobe of aedeagus parallel, apex with long, triangular and pointed tip.Apodeme as long as median lobe.Tegmen with short parameres, tegminal apodeme straight, about two thirds as long as apodeme of aedeagus.Ventrite 8 slightly curved, little shorter than aedeagus.
Sexual dimorPHiSm.Same as above.

Discussion
Dichorrhinus geiseri sp.nov.from Western Turkey and Greece is similar to D. creticus based on the big eyes, and to D. korbi and D. alziari sp.nov.based on the habitus.Concerning the male genitalia, D. geiseri is the only species of the genus with a laterally constricted median lobus and a blunt tip.Dichorrhinus alziari sp.nov. is similar to D. korbi based on its habitus; however, the head shape and the tip of the aedeagus are different.
The species D. creticus, D. korbi, D. geiseri sp.nov., and D. alziari sp.nov., seem to represent a closer related group (creticus species-group) within Dichorrhinus based on the morphological characters examined, whereas D. pseudoscythropus, with a stout head, short and reddish brown antennae and legs, and D. freyi, with short and adherent hairs on elytra and an apparent colour dimorphism, stand apart.
The most widespread species are Dichorrhinus korbi, with seven localities in Turkey, and D. geiseri sp.nov., which is presently known from five localities in Greece (Samos Island) and Western Turkey (Fig. 4).Interestingly, their distribution areas overlap in Western Turkey.D. pseudoscythropus is known from Syria and Lebanon.D. alziari is endemic to Cyprus, D. creticus is endemic to Crete Island and D. freyi is known from two localities at the coast of Libya.Some insights into the species' biology as adults can furthermore be provided.Dichorrhinus creticus was observed in spring (April) on Crete Island (Chora Sfakion) feeding on Cupressus sempervirens trees GERMANN C., A review of Dichorrhinus, with description of two new species (Fig. 5).Alziar (2012) mentions Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima for Dichorrhinus alziari sp.nov. on Cyprus, and Białooki (written communication 2012) collected D. geiseri sp.nov. in steppe habitats where Cupressaceae grew (Fig. 3).It is likely that the other species can also be found on similar trees of Cupressaceae.