Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

. Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866, A. balteiformis Wang, Zhi & Chen sp. nov., A. bi ﬁ dus Wang, Zhi & Chen sp. nov., A. furcutus Wang, Zhang & Chen sp. nov., A. latanalus Wang & Chen sp. nov. and A. pallidus Wang & Chen sp. nov. from China, are described and illustrated. A key to the species of Andes in China is provided.


Introduction
Cixiidae Spinola, 1839 is a family within Fulgoromorpha including approximately 2589 species in 247 genera from all over the world (Bourgoin 2022). Cixiidae is often considered the most primitive family of Fulgoromorpha, as it retains a series of primitive morphological features and is distributed worldwide with a high diversity, especially in the tropics (O'Brien & Wilson 1985;Emeljanov 2002). Three subfamilies are recognized: Borystheninae Emeljanov, 1989, Bothriocerinae Muir, 1923and Cixiinae Spinola, 1839. Cixiinae is divided into 15 tribes (Emeljanov 2002), and the new species described in this paper belong to the tribe Andini Emeljanov, 2002. Currently Andini includes 124 species in three genera (Parandes Muir, 1925, Andes Stål, 1866and Andixius Emeljanov & Hayashi, 2007, of which only the latter two genera and 13 species occur in China. Among Andini, Andes is the most species-rich genus, worldwide accounting for about 94% of Andini species (Wang et al. 2020;Bourgoin 2022).

Material and methods
The morphological terminology and measurements follow Bourgoin (1987) and Bourgoin et al. (2015), except the terminology for female genitalia, which follows Bourgoin (1993). Dry specimens were used for the descriptions and illustrations. Body length was measured from apex of vertex to tip of forewing; vertex length is the median length of vertex (from apical transverse carina to tip of basal emargination). Drawings of external morphology were done with the aid of a Leica MZ 12.5 stereo microscope. Photographs of the types were taken with the Keyence VHX-6000 system. Illustrations were scanned with a CanoScan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS7 for labelling and plate composition. The dissected male genitalia are preserved in glycerine in genitalia vials pinned together with the specimens.  Fennah, 1956 Andes balteiformis Wang

Etymology
The specifi c name is derived from the Latin adjective 'balteiformis', referring to the belt-shaped process arising from the ventral margin of the periandrium.

H
. Vertex (Fig. 1A, C) 1.6 × as long as wide; lateral carinae strongly elevated, median carina absent. Frons . Pygofer ( Fig. 1F-G) in ventral view symmetrical; in lateral view, lateral lobes arcuate and extended caudally. Medioventral process triangular in ventral view, apical margin pointed. Anal segment (Fig. 1F, H) fl at, tubular, dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin strongly curved at base in lateral view; asymmetrical, basal right lobe larger than left lobe, 1.6 × as long as wide in dorsal view; anal style strap-shaped, not extending beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Fig. 1G, I) symmetrical ventrally; in inner lateral view, dorsal margin concave in middle, apical margin slightly enlarged, bending inwards at an acute angle. Aedeagus ( Fig. 1J-M) with fi ve processes. Basal ventral margin of periandrium with a short spinose process, directed ventrad; left side of ventral margin of periandrium with a belt-shaped process on apical third, apex of process with small teeth. Endosoma broad, generally curved dorsad and cephalad, dorsal margin with multiple small teeth; left side of base with a long spinose process, directed cephalad; apex with two spinose processes, one short and small, directed ventrocephalad, the other slightly longer, directed ventrad.

Remarks
This species is similar to Andes maculifrons Muir, 1925 in appearance, but diff ers in: (1) ventral margin of periandrium with a belt-shaped process on apical third (ventral margin of periandrium with a triangular process on apical half in A. maculifrons); (2) endosoma broad, apical margin with two spinose processes (apical margin of endosoma with only one spinose process in A. maculifrons); (3) left side of periandrium without a spinose process (base of left side of periandrium with a tiny spinose process in A. maculifrons).

Diagnosis
The salient features of this new species include: middle part of apical margin of gonostyli deeply emarginate, forming two processes (Fig. 3G); ventral margin of periandrium with a sub-triangular process, apical left side of process with a short, small spinose process (Fig. 3K, M); basal ⅓ of right side of periandrium with a horn-like spinose process (Fig. 3J). C . General color yellowish brown ( Fig. 3A-B). Eyes blackish brown, ocelli faint yellow, semi-translucent. Antenna, vertex, face and rostrum generally blackish brown. Pronotum and mesonotum blackish brown. Forewing semi-translucent, costal vein with a small dark brown spot; posterior to stigma, in centre of forewing and posterior to clavus with an irregular puce spot, respectively; basal and middle part of forewing with two inner oblique yellow stripes; apical half of forewing with brown patches. Stigma light brown. Veins yellowish brown. Tubercles brown. Hind tibiae yellowish brown. Ventral abdomen blackish brown.

M
. Pygofer (Fig. 3F-G) in ventral view symmetrical; in lateral view, lateral lobes arcuate and extended caudally. Medioventral process rectangular (much wider than long). Anal segment (Fig. 3F, H) fl at tubular, dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin straight (parallel to dorsal margin), bending 90 degrees into apical lobe; 1.6 × as long as wide in dorsal view; anal style strap-shaped, not extending beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Fig. 3G, I) symmetrical in ventral view; in inner lateral view, base of dorsal margin concave, ventral margin with a small process, middle part of apical margin of gonostyli deeply emarginate, forming two processes: a large process around ventral margin, apical margin rounded; another small, around dorsal margin, apical margin pointed. Aedeagus (Fig. 3J-M) with six processes. Ventral margin of periandrium with a sub-triangular process; apical left side of process with a short, small spinose process, directed ventrad; right side of process expanded, forming a laminal process, curved upward, directed cephalad; basal ⅓ of right side of periandrium with a horn-like spinose process, directed dorsocaudad; dorsal margin with a straight medium-length spinose process, directed right-dorsocephalad. Endosoma curved towards left, apical margin gradually narrowed, forming a spinose process, margin with small teeth; basal ⅓ of right side with a laminal process, margin with small teeth.

Etymology
The specifi c name is derived from the Latin adjective 'furcutus', referring to the bifurcate apical part of the endosoma. C . General color light brown (Fig. 5A-B). Eyes yellowish brown, ocelli faint yellow, semitranslucent. Antenna, vertex and face generally li ght brown. Rostrum brown. Pronotum and mesonotum brown. Forewing semi-translucent, with many small dark brown spots and irregular smoky speckle stripes. Stigma and veins yellowish brown. Tubercles blackish brown. Hind tibiae yellowish brown. Ventral abdomen yellowish brown.

M
. Pygofer (Fig. 5F-G) in ventral view symmetrical; in lateral view, lateral lobes arcuate and extended caudally. Medioventral process lanceolar in ventral view. Anal segment (Fig. 5F, H) fl at tubular, dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral margin curved, apical margin expanded downward in lateral view; 2.5 × as long as wide in dorsal view; anal style strap-shaped, not extending beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Fig. 5G, I) symmetrical ventrally; in inner lateral view, base of ventral margin concave, apical margin rounded. Aedeagus (Fig. 5J-M) with four processes. Centre of dorsal margin of periandrium with a short laminal process, base large, apex bifurcated, directed dorsocaudad; ventrally around midlength of periandrium with a slender spinose process, slightly curved, directed caudad. Endosoma large, basal part highly sclerotized, apical part with two processes bearing small teeth: one wide and fl at, with its tip directed ventrad, the other directed ventrocephalad.

Remarks
This species was identifi ed with the help of Pei Zhang, and is similar to Andes bifi dus sp. nov. in appearance, but diff ers in: (1) middle dorsal margin of periandrium with a short laminal process, base large, apex bifurcated (dorsal margin of periandrium with a spinose process in A. bifi dus); (2) ventrally around midlength of periandrium with a slender spinose process, slightly curved (A. bifi dus without a process in this position); (3) apical part of endosoma bifurcated, margin with small teeth (endosoma not bifurcated in A. bifi dus).

Diagnosis
The salient features of the new species include: anal segment very short and wide, wider than long (Fig. 7H); basal right side of ventral margin of periandrium with a triangular laminal process, which turns upward to form a long spinose process that bends inward twice at a right angle (Fig. 7J); basal ventral margin of endosoma with a small process that bends inward at an acute angle (Fig. 7J-M).

Etymology
The specifi c name is derived from the Latin adjective 'latanalus', referring to the anal segment which is very wide compared to its length. C . General color blackish brown (Fig. 7A-B). Eyes blackish brown, ocelli reddish brown, semi-translucent. Antenna yellowish brown. Vertex and rostrum generally brown. Face blackish brown. Pronotum yellowish brown. M esonotum blackish brown. Forewing semi-translucent, basal and middle part with two oblique yellowish brown stripes, margin darker, basal costal vein; slightly anterior to stigma, posterior to stigma, radial area near claval fork and near fork MP 1+2 + MP 3+4 with an irregular puce spot, respectively; apical half of wing with brown patches. Veins light yellowish brown. Stigma and tubercles blackish brown. Hind tibiae yellowish brown. Ventral abdomen yellowish brown.

M
. Pygofer (Fig. 7F-G) in ventral view symmetrical; in lateral view, lateral lobes arcuate and extended caudally. Medioventral process lanceolar in ventral view. Anal segment (Fig. 7F, H) very short, dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin curved, apical margin truncate in lateral view; 1.5 × as wide as long in dorsal view; anal style strap-shaped, extending beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Fig. 7G, I) symmetrical ventrally; in inner lateral view, dorsal margin obtusely emarginate, apical part expanded, then gradually narrowed. Aedeagus (Fig. 7J-M) with two processes. Basal right side of ventral margin of periandrium with a triangular laminal process, turning upward to form a long spinose process bending inward twice at a right angle directed right-dorsocephalad. Endosoma claviform, long and slightly curved, basal ventral margin with a small process that bends inward at an acute angle, directed left-ventrocephalad.  . Tergite IX (Fig. 8A-B, D) moderately sclerotized, with a large, nearly elliptical wax plate. Anal segment (Fig. 8C) rectangular, 1.6 × as long as wide in dorsal view, anal style linguiform. Gonapophysis IX (Fig. 8F) with one middle tooth, distance ratio between middle tooth to apex and length of denticulate portion 2.0. Gonoplac (Fig. 8G) rod-like, 4.4 × as long as wide in lateral view. Posterior vagina pattern as shown in Fig. 8H.

Remarks
This species is similar to Andes formosanus (Mastsumura, 1914) in appearance, but diff ers in: (1) anal segment is very short and wide, much wider than long (anal segment longer than wide in A. formosanus); (2) basal ventral margin of periandrium with a triangular laminal process, which turns upward to form a long spinose process that bends inward at right angles (A. formosanus without process in the same position); (3) basal ventral margin of endosoma with a small process that bends inward at an acute angle (endosoma without a spinose process in A. formosanus). Wang & Chen sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5E597C6C-18F4-4736-9DFA-0785533476B0 Fig. 9 Diagnosis

Andes pallidus
The salient features of the new species include: apical right side of the ventral margin of periandrium with a long spinose process, bending upwards, directed cephalad, parallel to periandrium (Fig. 9J); apical ventral margin of periandrium with a bifurcated process (Fig. 9M); endosoma lamellar, basal left side of dorsal margin with small teeth (Fig. 9L).

Etymology
The specifi c name is derived from the Latin adjective 'pallidus', referring to the forewings which are largely pale, white.
C . General color yellowish white ( Fig. 9A-B). Eyes brown, ocelli light red, semi-translucent. Antenna, vertex and face yellowish white. Rostrum yellowish brown. Anterior parts of pronotum white, posterior parts yellowish brown. Mesonotum yellowish brown. Forewing semi-translucent, whitish, costal vein with 3 small, spaced dark brown spots, from centre of ScP + RA to near claval fork with a fawn-coloured stripe; middle part of clavus and behind clavus with an irregular puce spot, respectively; apical half of wing with yellowish brown patches.

M
. Pygofer (Fig. 9F-G) in ventral view symmetrical; in lateral view, lateral lobes arcuate and extended caudally. Medioventral process rounded in ventral view. Anal segment (Fig. 9F, H) fl at tubular, dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin curved in lateral view; apical margin truncate, 2.2 × as wide as long in dorsal view; anal style strap-shaped, not extending beyond anal segment. Gonostyli (Fig. 9G, I) symmetrical ventrally; in inner lateral view, dorsal margin concave, middle part of ventral margin convex, middle part expanded, then apical part gradually narrowed. Aedeagus (Fig.  9J-M) with seven processes. Apical ventral margin of periandrium with a long spinose process, bending upwards, directed cephalad, parallel to periandrium, di rected right-dorsocephalad; apical dorsal margin of periandrium with a long spinose process, slightly curved, directed cephalad; below midlength of ventral margin of periandrium with a longish spinose process, directed dorsad; middle part with a short spinose process, directed cephalad, apex bifurcated, forming two spinose processes: dorsal one long, directed left-dorsocephalad, another short one directed ventrad. Endosoma lamellar, left side of base rolling upwards, right side of apex rolling inwards, nearly apical margin with a spinose process, directed dorsocephalad, basal left side of dorsal margin with small teeth.

Remarks
This species is similar to Andes lachesis Fennah, 1956 in appearance, but diff ers in: (1) apical ventral margin of periandrium with a long spinose process, bending upwards, directed cephalad, parallel to periandrium (apical dorsal margin of periandrium with a spinose process in A. lachesis); (2) basal ventral margin of periandrium with a bifurcated process (A. lachesis without process in the same position); (3) endosoma lamellar, basal left side of dorsal margin with small teeth (endosoma coarsely shagreen or sub-fi mbriate in A. lachesis).

Discussion
Despite the fact that species of Andes are quite similar in appearance, the Chinese species can be distinguished from all other species of the genus in the Oriental Region by the general structure of the male genitalia. For example, A. balteiformis sp. nov. and A. maculifrons Muir, 1925 are easily distinguished from the other species in the genus based on the shape of the aedeagus and the genital styles, but they are indistinguishable in body color and wing markings. Australian species of Andes seem to have originated from two diff erent lineages, based on the presence and shape of the cucullus (the expanded semi-enclosed structure of the periandrium). African species have diff erently shaped male genitalia, lacking a virga (the long spinose process arising from the apex of the periandrium) and cucullus (Löcker et al. 2007). Among the Chinese species, the virga and cucullus are present or absent, but the endosoma shows high diversity, especially among the new species described in this paper.
Host plant relationships for the new Chinese species of Andes have not yet been determined; however, during fi eld trips Andes was mostly observed in dark and humid environments with many mosses and ferns, which could potentially be the plants on which they feed.