Four new species of Tipula ( Sinotipula ) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula ( Vestiplex ) Bezzi, 1924

. Fourteen species of the subgenus Sinotipula (Diptera, Tipulidae) were previously known to occur in China. Here four species are described and illustrated as new to science: Tipula ( Sinotipula ) drolma sp. nov., T. ( S. ) forcipicauda sp. nov., T. ( S. ) heminga sp. nov. and T. ( S. ) longiloba sp. nov. The following three species are redescribed: T. ( S. ) exquisita Alexander, 1935, T. ( S. ) hobsoni Edwards, 1928 and T. ( S. ) wardi Edwards, 1928, and a key to the species of Tipula ( Sinotipula ) from China is presented. We also give a new replacement name for Tipula ( Vestiplex ) bucera Yang, Li, Pan, Liu & Yang, 2021, i.e., T. ( V. ) curvicornis nom. nov.


Introduction
The subgenus Sinotipula was erected by Alexander (1935) for the species Tipula exquisita Alexander, 1935. It currently includes 64 known species and subspecies worldwide, distributed in the Oriental (31 taxa) and the Nearctic (20 taxa) Realms (Oosterbroek 2022). Adults of this subgenus are frequently recorded in or near canyons with swift streams, and Gelhaus (2002) recorded numerous larvae of T. (S.) commiscibilis Doane, 1912 under submerged rocks in a swift stream of the western United States. To date, 14 species are known from China, recorded mainly from western Sichuan and the Himalayas. Subgenus Sinotipula is characterized by the following features: usually grey and pale brown variegated wings; cell m usually with small dark or pale spots at posterior margin; discal cell usually wide, longer than petiole of cell m 1 ; claws with a tooth in male; gonocoxite and sternite 9 virtually fused; tergite 9 large and tumid; ventral surface of tergite 9 with complex sclerotized armature in some species; outer gonostylus large and complex (Alexander 1935).
In this paper, four new species are added to the fauna of China, and descriptions and illustrations of three previously known species are provided to improve the recognition of these taxa. A key to the species of Sinotipula in China is presented.

Material and methods
The specimens were studied and illustrated with an Olympus SZ61 stereo microscope. Details of coloration were checked on dried specimens, while some specimens were preserved in alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH). Genitalic preparations of males were made by immersion in a heated lactic acid solution (C 3 H 6 O 3 >85%, 95-97℃) for 4-6 minutes and cooled down to room temperature. After examination, genitalia were transferred to fresh glycerine (C 3 H 8 O 3 ) and stored in a microvial attached to the specimen. Type specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. All pictures were adjusted and assembled into plates with Adobe Photoshop 2022. The morphological terminology mostly follows Cumming & Wood (2017) and de Jong (2017).  Graham & Wetmore (2006).

Diagnosis
Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown; pleuron with a reddish brown stripe extended from head to upper part of anatergite. Posterior margin of tergite 9 fl attish, with a pair of robust fi nger-like protrusions curved downward; adminiculum medially with a pair of slender protrusions; caudal end of outer gonostylus with an extended hook-like protrusion.

Etymology
The species is named after the name of White Tara in Tibetan Buddhism, which represents rescue and longevity. 'Drolma' is the Latin transliteration of a Tibetan phrase, and the Chinese name is '白度母'. Corresponding to its related species, 'T. (S.) krishna', krishna in Hinduism represents protection and love, and its Chinese name is '黑天'; the literal meaning of the Chinese names corresponds to the color of their gonostylus.
H (Figs 1, 3). Mainly reddish brown velvety. Occiput brown with reddish brown mid-longitudinal stripe extended to frontal tubercle. Rostrum and nasus reddish brown. Setae on head black. Frontal tubercle, vertex and narrow dorsal parts of rostrum and nasus with white pruinescence, pruinescence of vertex distinct. Antennal scape brown, pedicel and fl agellar segments dark yellow, except fl agellar segment 11 black, fl agellar segments 3-10 slightly dark at base. Proboscis reddish brown, black at outer margin. Pa lpal segment 1 pale brown, segments 2 and 3 yellow, and segment 4 black.
T (Figs 1, 3). Mainly pale brown to reddish brown velvety. Pronotum yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown, with four vague olive-grey stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum brown, with four vague olive-grey spots. Scutellum brown. Mediotergite brown with uneven white pruinescence, posterior margin with two yellow parts separated by brown part. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly dark yellow with a reddish brown stripe extended from head to upper part of anatergite. Junction of anepisternum and katepisternum with a large brown spot with white pruinescence. Upper margin and anterior part of katatergite and lower part of anepimeron with white pruinescence, pruinescence brown at lower margin and posterior margin. Meron and metapleuron with irregular brown spot and slight pruinescence. Setae on thorax brown. Legs with coxae brownish yellow, femora and tibiae pale brown, tarsi brownish black, claw with a black tooth. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas; veins and cell Sc bright yellow; pterostigma pale brown; petiole of cell m 1 distinctly shorter than discal cell (Fig. 4). Halter with stem pale yellow, knob brownish yellow. A ( Fig. 1). Mainly brownish yellow. Abdominal tergites each with two black lateral stripes. Abdominal segment 1 pale yellow, segments 4-7 reddish. Setae on abdomen golden.

H
(Figs 2, 7-13). Mainly reddish brown, except tergite 9 yellowish brown, large and hemispherical. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 virtually fused, except ventral surface of sternite 9 with vague suture. Posterior margin of gonocoxite slightly extended, petaloid. Posterior margin of tergite 9 fl attish, with a pair of robust fi nger-like protrusions curved downward, ventrally with a ridged protrusion. Sternite 9 with two long golden tufts near caudal margin; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of nearly oval protrusions and a pair of small fi nger-like protrusions at middle. Adminiculum slim, medially with a pair of slender protrusions. Both gonostyli reddish brown, embedded (Figs 12-13). Outer gonostylus with a large U-shaped depression on top, caudal end with a long hook-like protrusion (Fig. 11). Inner gonostylus slanted, basally with a long, sharp protrusion; lower site of lower beak with a beak-like protrusion (Fig. 10).
Body color slightly darker than in male. Antenna redder than in male. Brown and black parts of legs paler than in male. Claw without tooth. Wing same as in male, except angle of bifurcation of cell m 1 O . Short. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with two obtuse protrusions laterally. Infra-anal plate triangular. Fused valculae slightly upturned. Sternite 8 with a pair of fl attened semicircular elevations laterally. Hypovalve short, curved outward (Fig. 6).

Remarks
The new species is similar to T. (S.) krishna Alexander, 1962 from Sikkim, India, but the latter diff ers in the following characters: both gonostyli heavily sclerotized and blackened, the outer gonstylus medially with an acute tooth, cell r 4 without white spot at posterior margin (Alexander 1962). Alexander, 1935 Figs 14-24 Chinese name

Diagnosis
Prescutum dark yellow with four distinct brown stripes; wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas, pale yellow around veins; posterior margin of gonocoxite with a pair of long-haired lobes; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of smooth lobes folded at apex. H (Figs 14-15). Mainly yellowish brown. Occiput brown with dark brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Rostrum yellowish brown with a dark brown middle stripe extended from rostrum apically to face, nasus yellowish brown, postgena dark brown. Setae on head dull black. Antennal scape and pedicel yellow, fl agellar segments dark brown, fl agellar segments 1-3 slightly yellow. Proboscis black. Palpus dark brown, segment 4 slightly pale brown. brown margins, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, lateral stripes slightly dark. Scutum and scutellum brown with blurry dark areas. Mediotergite pale brown. Pleuron mainly dark brown, with white pruinescence. Anepisternum with less pruinescence and an indistinct dark stripe on upper portion. Setae on thorax golden and dark brown. Legs with femora and tibiae brownish yellow, apex dark brown, tarsi dark brown, femora of some specimens dark brown near basal part. Claw with a black tooth near middle. Setae on legs black. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas; veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pale yellow around veins; pterostigma brown; petiole of cell m 1 distinctly shorter than discal cell (Fig. 17). Halter with stem and knob yellow, except knob dark brown at middle. A (Fig. 14). Mainly yellow to black. Abdominal segments 1-5 yellow, segment 7 yellow to black outward, all tergites with black posterior margin and black lateral stripes, tergites 2-7 with short grey lateral pruinescence on posterior and lateral stripes, pruinescence varied among diff erent specimens. Setae on tergites dark brown, but those on sternite golden.

Female
Apart from the genitalia, similar to male; cercus and hypovalve short.

Remarks
In all male specimens from Niding Canyon, Zhagu Temple and Meihua Village, the size and position of the small teeth of tergite 9 are not fi xed. The specimens from Qinghai (Meihua Village and Qihankai) are darker than those from Sichuan (Niding Canyon and Zhagu Temple). There was no diff erence in the gonostylus among all observed specimens. Thus, we considered them to be the same species (Alexander 1935;Edwards 1928

Diagnosis
Prescutum reddish brown; pleuron with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter; calypter pitch-black on lower portion; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of pincer-like protrusions.

Etymology
This species is named after the shape of the protrusions on sternite 9, the Latin compound word 'forcipcauda' meaning 'pincer-like cauda.' H (Figs 25,27). Mainly reddish brown. Occipital stripe black, extended to frontal tubercle. Rostrum and nasus reddish brown. Setae on head black. Frontal tubercle, base of scape and posterior margin of eye with white pruinescence, pruinescence of posterior margin of eye extended to neck. Antennal scape and pedicel yellowish brown, fl agellar segments dark yellow, except segment 11 black, fl agellar segments 1-10 slightly dark at base. Proboscis brownish black. Palpal segments 1 and 2 dark brown, segment 3 brownish yellow and segment 4 black, except base brownish yellow.

Holotype
T (Figs 25,27). Mainly pale brown and reddish brown velvety. Pronotum light yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown, with four vague, slightly pale stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum reddish brown with vague spots. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown, mediotergite with uneven white pruinescence, but extensive at posterior margin. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron light yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly brown with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter, calypter pitch-black on lower portion. Pleuron with extensive white pruinescence except anepisternum. Anepisternum reddish brown on upper portion, pale brown on lower portion. Pruinescence of katepisternum dark brown on lower portion. Anepimeron reddish brown on upper portion, pale brown on lower portion. Katepimeron pale brown. Meron yellowish brown. Metakatepisternum brown. Katatergite dark brown on upper portion, brownish yellow on lower portion. Setae on thorax black. Legs with coxae yellowish brown but brown at lower margin, lower part of coxae with pruinescence, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellow with black basal margin and pale brown apex, tibiae yellow with apex slightly dark, tarsomere 1 yellow, tarsomeres 2-4 greyish black, claw with a black tooth. Setae on legs brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas, veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pterostigma dark brown, petiole of cell m 1 less than ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 28). Halter with stem greyish brown, knob yellow with black base. A (Fig. 25). Mainly yellowish brown. Abdominal tergites 3-6 yellow, sternites 5-6 yellow, all tergites dark brown at posterior margin and with black lateral stripes, posterior margin of tergites 2-6 dark with small grey lateral corners. Setae on abdomen black.
H (Figs 25, 29-33). Brown. Tergite 9 with a pair of small tooth-like protrusions, apically slightly truncated, but without sclerotized structure on ventral surface. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused. Gonocoxite with a tuft of hairs at posterior margin. Posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of pincerlike protrusions and with a pair of tufts near base of protrusions. Adminiculum spear-shaped, basally connected with protrusions of sternite 9. Outer gonostylus approximately boat-shaped, caudal lobe shorter than anterior protrusion (Fig. 32). Inner gonostylus pistol-shaped with obtuse beak slightly swollen (Fig. 31).

Female
Unknown.

Remarks
This new species is similar to T. (S.) arjuna Alexander, 1962 and T. (S.) arjunoides Alexander, 1961. However, in T. (S.) arjuna the petiole of cell m 1 is about ½ as long as the cell, the tooth-like protrusions of tergite 9 are short and rounded and sternite 9 has no special protrusion (Alexander 1962). In T. (S.) arjunoides, the hypopygium is yellow, the protrusions of tergite 9 are forked and the inner gonostylus is compressed at the middle (Alexander 1961

Diagnosis
Prescutum almost dark brown, reddish brown laterally, with four slightly brown, vague stripes; tergite 9 with two pairs of horn-like protrusions, middle pair directed outward and side pair directed inward.

Etymology
This species is named after the shape of the outer and inner gonostyli, similar to the crane courtship call pose, the word 'heming' being from the Chinese '鹤鸣' in the ancient Chinese poetry collection 'Book of Songs (Xiaoya, Heming),' literally meaning the crane is chirping. Mainly yellowish brown and dark brown velvety. Pronotum light yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost dark brown, reddish brown laterally, with four slightly brown, vague stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum dark brown with four brown spots. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown, mediotergite with uneven white pruinescence. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron light yellow. Anepisternum and anepimeron brownish black on upper portion, yellowish brown on lower portion. Katepisternum with a large dark brown spot with pruinescence on upper portion. Meron yellowish brown. Setae on thorax golden. Legs with coxae orangish brown, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellowish brown with slightly dark apex, tibiae yellowish brown, tarsi dark brown. Setae on legs brown. Wing variegated pale yellowish brown with cream and dark brown areas, pterostigma dark brown, petiole of cell m 1 less than ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 37). Halter with stem and knob yellowish brown, knob slightly darkened.

Female
Unknown.

Remarks
The new species is similar to T. (S.) krishna Alexander, 1962 and T. (S.) drolma sp. nov., but in T. (S.) krishna the tergite 9 only has a pair of protrusions, and the gonostyli are simple. In T. (S.) drolma sp. nov. the protrusions of tergite 9 are longer than in T. (S.) heminga sp. nov., the protrusion of sternite 9 has no small protrusion, and the adminiculum has a pair of slender protrusions at the middle. Edwards, 1928 Figs 44-53 Chinese name

Diagnosis
Mainly orange; prescutum dark brown, wing pale yellow with grey areas, pterostigma yellow; tergite 9 with a pair of tooth-like protrusions at posterior margin; outer gonostylus wide and fl at, with two hornlike protrusions anteriorly and two slender lobes posteriorly. H (Figs 45-46). Mainly brown. Occiput with two areas with white pruinescence. Rostrum and nasus brown. Setae on head dark brown. Antenna orange with white appressed pubescence, bases of fl agellar segments slightly dark. Proboscis brown. Palpal segments 1 and 2 yellow, segments 3 and 4 dark brown.

CHINA -
T (Figs 45-46). Mainly orange. Pronotum reddish brown at middle, extended to head and anepimeron. Prescutum dark brown with four blurry brown stripes, all stripes with reddish brown margins, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum dark brown, with four brown blurry spots. Scutellum and mediotergite brown, mediotergite with abundant, uneven pruinescence, except on middle portion. Pleuron mainly orange with slight white pruinescence. Anepisternum yellowish brown, dark on upper portion, membranous suture with prescutum dark brown; katepisternum, anepimeron, epimeron and metapleuron with brown areas. Setae on thorax pale yellow. Legs with femora and tibiae brownish yellow, apically slightly dark; tarsi brownish yellow. Claw with a black tooth basally. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing pale yellow with grey areas, pterostigma yellow, long spot of cell cua dark grey, spot of M 3 base basally dark grey, petiole of cell m 1 ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 47). Halter with yellow stem and orange knob.

Female
Apart from the genitalia, similar to male; cercus and hypovalve short.

Remarks
In the male specimen from Shingla, Sikkim (USNM), the distance between the two protrusions on tergite 9 is narrower than in that from Namnasa, Sikkim (USNM) or Yadong City, Xizang (CAU). The distance between the two protrusions of tergite 9 might not be a stable special feature in Sinotipula. In the specimen from the Qing Dynasty Customs Site in Yadong City, tergite 9 is asymmetrical (possibly damaged), and the ventral surface of tergite 9 has two teeth (Fig. 51). In holotype, the ventral surface of tergite 9 has two teeth (Edwards 1928), but in the specimens from Yadong City and some individuals from Sikkim (USNM), the ventral surface of tergite 9 has three teeth ( Fig. 50) (Alexander 1970

Diagnosis
Wing variegated dark grey with numerous small cream and black areas, cell r 4 posteriorly with a small cream spot, cream spot of cell r-m long; tergite 9 with a pair of sharp triangular protrusions; caudal lobe of outer gonostylus long.

Etymology
This species is named after the shape of the caudal lobe of the outer gonostylus, the Latin compound word 'lobus' means 'lobe'. yellow, fl agellar segments greyish brown, each fl agellar segment dark at base. Proboscis black. Palpal segment 1 black with pale apex, segments 2 and 3 brown, and segment 4 black.

Holotype
T (Figs 54,56). Mainly brownish yellow to dark brown velvety. Pronotum yellow with dark brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly dark brown, with four vague olive-grey stripes, median stripes slightly lighter than lateral stripes, broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, a faint yellow, narrow stripe present between median stripes, areas of two rows of median hairs with somewhat narrow yellow stripes. Scutum reddish brown, with four vague olive-grey spots, virtually confl uent, scutum with grey pruinescence at posterior margin. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown with grey pruinescence. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly brownish yellow, with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter. Pleuron with extensive white pruinescence except anepisternum. Katepisternum greyish brown on upper portion. Setae on thorax pale yellow. Legs with coxae yellow and white pruinescent, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellow with brownish black apex, tibiae yellow with brown apex, tarsomere 1 yellow with dark apex, tarsomeres 2-3 yellowish brown, tarsomeres 4-5 dark greyish brown. Claw with a black triangular tooth. Setae on legs dark brown with golden lustre. Wing variegated dark grey with numerous small cream and black areas, veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pterostigma black, petiole of cell m 1 less than ½ as long as discal cell length, M2 with a large obtuse angle, cell r 4 posteriorly with a small cream spot, cream spot of cell r-m long (Fig. 57). Halter mainly brownish yellow, stem dark with pale yellow base, knob greyish brown medially. A (Fig. 54). Mainly brownish yellow, Abdominal tergites 6-9 and sternites 7-9 pitch-black, sternite 6 brownish black at posterior half, all tergites with black lateral stripes, lateral margins of tergites with discontinuous greyish white narrow stripes. Setae on tergites black, but those on sternite golden.
Body color darker than in male. Pleuron mainly dark brown, with much white pruinescence. Claw without tooth. Cell r 4 posteriorly without cream spot, cell m 1 slightly longer than in male, pterostigma paler than in male. Black stripes of abdomen wide, tergites and sternites black at posterior margin. Other characteristics same as in male (Fig. 58).

Remarks
This new species is similar to T. (S.) arjunoides Alexander, 1961 and T. (S.) exquisita Alexander, 1935. However, in T. (S.) arjunoides the lower part of tergite 9 has no protrusions, the outer gonostylus has no spines and the inner gonostylus is clavate (Alexander 1961). In T. (S.) exquisita the prescutum is yellow, the tergite 9 has many small protrusions and the caudal lobe of the outer gonostylus is short (Alexander 1935). Edwards, 1928 Figs 65-76

Diagnosis
Thorax mainly greyish black velvety with much white pruinescence, prescutum dark brown; posterior margin of tergite 9 with a pair of tooth-like protrusions, protrusions extended medially. T (Figs 65-66). Mainly greyish black velvety. Pronotum greyish brown with black lateral stripe extended to head and anepimeron. Prescutum dark brown with four stripes, all stripes with reddish brown margins, median stripes olive grey, broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, stripes with abundant bluish white pruinescence on both sides. Scutum dark brown with four spots bearing broad bluish white pruinescence, virtually confl uent, background color of spots reddish brown, anterior margin of scutum with four small olive-grey spots connected with stripes of prescutum. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown with abundant pruinescence, except posterior margin. Pleuron mainly greyish brown with extensive bluish white pruinescence. Anepisternum brown with pruinescence and with brownish black stripe on upper portion; anepimeron with a dull black spot. Setae on thorax dark brown. Legs with dark brown coxae bearing white pruinescence, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora dark brown with dark apex, tibiae yellowish brown with dark brown apex, tarsi dark brown. Claw with a black triangular tooth basally. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small white, brown and bluish grey areas, veins and cell Sc pale brown, pterostigma brown, petiole of cell m 1 ⅓ as long as discal cell, long spot of cell cua dark bluish grey, spots dull grey at intersection of veins (Fig. 68). Halter with yellowish brown stem and brownish black knob. A (Fig. 65). Mainly dark brown. All tergites with black lateral stripes, sternites and lateral margins of tergites with white pruinescence. Setae on abdomen golden.
Body color same as in male. Apex of femora slightly paler than in male. Wing color paler than in male, spots of cell r 5 varied, one wing with two spots in cell r 5 centrally, another wing with only one spot, position inconsistent with that in male (Fig. 69).

Remarks
We compared the four specimens we obtained (CUA), the holotype (BMNH), and specimens from Nepal and India (Kumaon and Sikkim) (USNM). The species is not completely consistent regarding the size, location or number of dark spots within cell r 5 . Even in the female specimen from Milin (CUA), the markings on the two wings are asymmetrical (Fig. 69). However, what is certain is that the hypopygium of the male specimens is exactly the same.

Etymology
This species is named after the shape of the gonocoxite, the Latin 'corv-cor nis,' meaning 'bearing horns', a third declension adjective.

Discussion
In specimens of Tipula (Sinotipula) exquisita, T. (S.) hobsoni and T. (S.) longiloba sp. nov. that we examined, some structures on tergite 9 are variable. The small teeth on the tergal ventral plate show diff erences in position, orientation, size, etc. Thus, these diff erences may not be used as a basis for classifi cation in Sinotipula. However, we cannot rule out that this is related to attrition during mating, since these small teeth are very thin and weak. We hope to fi nd more evidence in future biological studies.