The Lanternfly genus Polydictya (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from Sulawesi and neighbouring islands, with the description of three new species

The species of the genus Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844 from Sulawesi and adjacent islands are reviewed and three new species are described: P. bantimurung sp. nov. (Sulawesi), P. basirubra sp. nov. (Sulawesi, Wowoni and Buton) and P. pelengana sp. nov. (Peleng). An identification key for the 6 species recorded in the area is given. Habitus, detailed illustrations and a distribution map are provided for all species. The male genitalia of the three new species are illustrated and described, and the male genitalia of P. thanatos Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2010 are figured and described for the first time. The genus Polydictya now contains 24 species.

The genus presently contains 21 species (Bourgoin 2014).It is distributed in the Oriental region: from Sri Lanka it extends over northern India, Thailand, Vietnam and southwards to Sulawesi and its adjacent islands.
One species, P. crassa, was described from "South Celebes" (Distant 1906b).It was the only species known from Sulawesi until the recent descriptions of P. katsurakoae Nagai &Porion, 1996 andP. thanatos Chew Kea Foo, Porion &Audibert, 2010.The study of recent material in the collections of BMNH, MNHL and RBINS led to the discovery of three new species which are here described, illustrated and keyed together with the three previously decribed ones.

Materials and methods
Type specimens of all species have been examined.The male genitalia were dissected as follows: the pygofer was cut from the abdomen of the softened specimen with a needle blade, then boiled for about one hour in a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).The phallic complex was dissected with a needle blade and all pieces examined in ethanol, the whole placed in glycerine for preservation.Observations were done with a Leica MZ8 stereo microscope.Pictures were taken with a Canon EOS 300 D camera with Sigma DG Macro lens and optimized with Adobe Photoshop CS3.The inflation of the phallus was not done due to the difficulty to obtain good and replicable results, and because it is not indispensable to separate the species in the genus Polydictya.
For the transcription of the labels of the types, the wording on each single label is limited by square brackets.
The measurements were taken as in Constant (2004)   5. Tegmina nearly unicolorous, brown with a small whitish spot along claval suture and 3 small spots on disc of membrane, no spot along costal margin (Fig. 3A) and not tinged with red ventrally (Fig. 3B
Legs. (Fig. 1A-B).All legs dark reddish brown with tarsi I and II darker; tibiae I and II slender; tibiae III with 4-5 lateral and 7 apical spines.
MaLe genitaLia.Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli dark brown; pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin sinuate in lateral view and showing apically rounded conical process in middle (Fig. 8A-B); anal tube elongate, 2.36 times longer than broad, broader at 2/3 of total length, strongly curved ventrally near base (Fig. 8A-B); lateral margins sinuate (Fig. 8B) and apical margin strongly notched in dorsal view (Fig. 8C); gonostyli (Fig. 8A) elongate with posterior half much broader and strong subbasal constriction in lateral view; strong tooth directed antero-ventrally at half length; apical margin subquadrate; phallic Fig. 7. Distribution map of the species of Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844 of Sulawesi and neighbouring islands.complex (Fig. 8D-E) with endosomal process of aedeagus laminate, slightly concave externally, showing irregular dorsal teeth along body, and apex strongly curved dorsally, hook-shaped.

Etymology
The species epithet is formed by the words basis, -is (Latin) = base, and ruber, -bra, -brum (adj., Latin) = red, and refers to the bright red patch at the base of the posterior wing.
tHorax.(Fig. 2C, F).Dark brown with pronotum and sometimes disc of mesonotum paler yellowbrown; pronotum coriaceous with smooth median carina and 2 impressed points on anterior half of disc; mesonotum smooth with disc irregularly wrinkled and transverse wrinkles on scutellum; apex of scutellum elevated; tegulae dark brown with apex pale yellow-white.
tegMina.(Fig. 2A-B, E). Brown with red hue on corium, more conspicuous ventrally; 4 subquadrate to rectangular pale yellow spots along costal margin; irregular yellow-white markings on disc along claval joint and on clavus, and 2 spots on disc aligned longitudinally near nodal line; largest spot usually at apex of clavus; tegmina slightly broadening from base to apex and with apex oblique.
Hind wings.(Fig. 2A-B).Brown with antero-basal bright red patch covering about ¼ of total surface and not reaching posterior margin; broader than tegmina.
MaLe genitaLia.Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli bright red; pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin sinuate in lateral view and showing digitiform process in middle (Fig. 9A-B); anal tube elongate, 2.26 times longer than broad, broader at half of total length, strongly curved ventrally near base (Fig. 9A-B); lateral margins sinuate (Fig. 9B) and apical margin strongly notched in dorsal view (Fig. 9C); gonostyli (Fig. 9A) elongate with posterior half much broader and strong subbasal constriction in lateral view; strong tooth directed antero-ventrally at half length; apical margin broadly rounded; phallic complex (Fig. 9D-E) with endosomal process of aedeagus laminate, slightly concave externally and with ventral margin laterally projecting subapically, showing irregular dorsal teeth along body and with apex pointed postero-ventrally.

Notes
The holotype and paratype were erroneously stated to be males in the original description (Nagai & Porion 1996).Nagai & Porion (1996) stated that the paratype was deposited in MNHN but it is currently in MHNL as most specimens of Thierry Porion's collection.
tHorax.(Fig. 5C, F).Dark brown to black-brown; pronotum irregularly wrinkled with smooth longitudinal carina and 2 strongly impressed points on anterior half of disc; mesonotum with disc wrinkled and sides smooth; scutellum impressed basally, elevated apically and slightly transversely winkled; tegulae brown with apex pale yellow-brown.
Hind wings.(Fig. 5A-B).Dark brown to black-brown with a basal milky-white elongate patch along costal vein; broader than tegmina.
MaLe genitaLia.Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli black-brown; pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin sinuate in lateral view (Fig. 10A-B); anal tube elongate, 1.95 times longer than broad, broader at 3/5 of total length, strongly curved ventrally near base (Fig. 10A-B); lateral margins sinuate (Fig. 10A) and apical margin excavate in dorsal view (Fig. 10C); gonostyli (Fig. 10A) elongate with posterior half broader and strong subbasal constriction in lateral view; strong tooth directed antero-ventrally at half length; apical margin rounded; phallic complex (Fig. 10D-E) with endosomal process of aedeagus laminate, slightly concave externally and with ventral margin laterally projecting subbasally; dorsal margin rounded in lateral view and nearly smooth, showing few slightly marked teeth near base and near apex.

Distribution
Known from Peleng Island off Central Sulawesi (see map Fig. 7).

Diagnosis
(1) Tegmina black with 3 irregular transverse white bands before apex of clavus, one small, white line on costal cell at nodal line, and scutellar margin of clavus whitish (Fig. 6A); ( 2) hind wings without

Note
The description (Chew Kea Foo et al. 2010) mentions three more paratypes (two in Stanislav Jakl's collection and one in Thierry Porion's), which were not examined in the present study.

Male genitalia
Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli black; pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin sinuate in lateral view and showing digitiform process in middle (Fig. 11A-B); anal tube elongate, 2.35 times longer than broad, strongly curved ventrally near base (Fig. 11A-B); sides subparallel on half of length in middle (Fig. 11B), apical margin notched in dorsal view (Fig. 11C); gonostyli (Fig. 11A) elongate with posterior half broader and strong subbasal constriction in lateral view; strong tooth directed antero-ventrally at half length; apical margin rounded; phallic complex (Fig. 11D-E) with endosomal process of aedeagus laminate, slightly concave externally and with ventral margin ventro-laterally projecting subapically; dorsal margin slightly curved laterally near base with irregular teeth, straight in lateral view and showing irregular teeth to apex; sinuate in dorsal view.

Discussion
Considering that five of the six species of Polydictya from Sulawesi were described in the last twenty years, it seems likely that more species await discovery.The distribution map shows that large areas within Sulawesi and a number of neighbouring islands remain unexplored in terms of Polydictya.More field work should be conducted in those areas to document the insect fauna and make observations on the host-plants and biology of those insects.Although they are actively searched for by collectors, the feeding habits, larval stages and eggs remain unknown for all species treated in the present paper.