First record of the genus Dinotrema Foerster , 1862 ( Hymenoptera , Braconidae , Alysiinae ) from the Neotropical region , with description of four new species and a key to the New World taxa

The present work provides the first record of the genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 in the Neotropical region. Four new Neotropical species are described and illustrated: D. multiareolatum Peris-Felipo sp. nov., D. plaumanni Peris-Felipo sp. nov., D. subbidentatum Peris-Felipo sp. nov., and D. teutoniaense Peris-Felipo sp. nov. The following new combinations are suggested for Nearctic species: Dinotrema angusticornis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. armillariae (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. bucculatricis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. caudatulum (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. clayensis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. communis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. disstriae (Fischer,1969) comb. nov., D. pauperum (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. saileri (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. shannoni (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov. and D. sylvaticae (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov. An identification key of the all New World Dinotrema species is provided.


Introduction
Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 is one of the largest genera in the tribe Alysiini (Braconidae, Alysiinae).Its species are parasitoids of the larvae of Diptera predominantly belonging to the family Phoridae (van Achterberg 1988).Van Achterberg (1988) provided the current definition of the genus Dinotrema with its species differing from those of the related genus Aspilota Foerster, 1862 by the short size of the paraclypeal fovea far separated from the inner margin of the eye.Moreover, this genus can be differentiated from the genera

Etymology
Named "multiareolatum" because of the high number of small areolae on the propodeum.

Description Female
Head.In dorsal view 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.5 times as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with temple rounded behind eyes.Eye in lateral view 1.6 times higher than wide and 1.5 times as wide as temple medially.POL 1.1 times as long as OD; OOL 2.6 times OD.Face 1.9 times as wide as high, completely covered by numerous setae; inner margins of eyes subparallel.Clypeus 2.3 times as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally.Paraclypeal fovea short, reaching halfway distance between clypeus and eye.Mandible 3-dentate, slightly widened towards apex, 1.7 times as long as its maximum width.Upper tooth small, shorter than lower and middle teeth; middle tooth small, slightly longer than upper tooth, wide basally and pointed apically; lower tooth short, wide, rounded.Antennae 23-segmented, 1.1 times longer than body.Scape 1.9 times as long as pedicel.First flagellar segment 3.8 times as long as its apical width, 1.3 times as long as second segment.Second to thirteenth flagellar segments 2.2-2.5 times as long as their maximum width; 14 th to 20 th segments about 2.0 times, and 21 st (apical) segment 2.5 times as long as wide.
MesosoMa.In lateral view 1.3 times as long as high.Mesoscutum (in dorsal view) 0.9 times as long as its maximum width, with numerous setae situated on middle part of mesoscutum.Notauli mainly absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum.Mesoscutal pit present and elongate.Prescutellar depression smooth, without lateral carinae.Precoxal sulcus present, crenulate, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron.Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth.Propodeum sculptured, with complete and distinct median longitudinal carina and with transversal carinae reaching sides of propodeum.Propodeal spiracles relatively small.
Legs.Hind femur 4.4 times as long as its maximum width.Hind tibia slightly widened apically, 9.4 times as long as its maximum subapical width and as long as hind tarsus.First segment of hind tarsus 1.8 times as long as second segment.

Male
Body length 2.0 mm; fore wing 2.3 mm; hind wing 1.5 mm.Antenna 27-28-segmented.First flagellar segment 4.0 times as long as its maximum width.

Comparative diagnosis
This new species is similar to Dinotrema caudatulum (Fischer, 1969), D. communis (Fischer, 1969) and D. sylvaticae (Fischer, 1969).Dinotrema multiareolatum sp.nov.differs from D. caudatulum in having the mandible 1.7 times as long as its maximum width (1.0 times in D. caudatulum), the first flagellar segment 3.8 times as long as its maximum width (3.0 times in D. caudatulum), hind femur 4.4 times as long as its maximum width (3.5 times in D. caudatulum), the first metasomal tergite 3.1 times as long as its apical width (1.5 times in D. caudatulum).On the other hand, D. multiareolatum sp.nov.differs from D. communis in having the mandible 1.7 times as long as its maximum width (1.3 times in D. communis), the first flagellar segment 3.8 times as long as its maximum width (3.0 times in D. communis), hind femur 4.4 times as long as its maximum width (3.9 times in D. communis), and the first metasomal tergite 3.1 times as long as its apical width (1.8 times in D. communis).Finally, D. multiareolatum sp.nov.differs from D. sylvaticae in having the mandible 1.7 times as long as its maximum length (1.2 times in D. sylvaticae), posterior mesopleural furrow smooth (crenulate in D. sylvaticae), hind femur 4.4 times as long as its maximum width (3.6 times in D. sylvaticae), and the first metasomal tergite 3.1 times as long as its apical width (2.0 times in D. sylvaticae).

Description Female
Head.In dorsal view, 1.8 times as wide as long, 1.5 times as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with temple rounded behind eyes.Eye in lateral view 1.8 times higher than wide and 1.8 times as wide as temple medially.POL as long as OD; OOL 2.5 times OD.Face 1.7 times as wide as high, completely covered by numerous setae; inner margins of eyes subparallel.Clypeus 2.2 times as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally.Paraclypeal fovea short, not reaching middle of distance between clypeus and eye.Mandible 3-dentate, slightly widened towards apex, 1.3 times as long as its maximum width.Upper tooth small, longer than lower and middle teeth; middle tooth small, slightly longer than upper tooth, wide basally and pointed apically; lower tooth short, rounded.Antennae 23-segmented, 1.2 times longer than body.Scape 1.4 times as long as pedicel.First flagellar segment 3.5 times as long as its apical width, 1.3 times as long as second segment.Second to thirteenth flagellar segments 2.1-2.4 times as long as their maximum width; 14 th to 17 th segments 1.9-2.1 times, 18 th to 20 th segment 1.6-1.8times, and 21 st (apical) segment 2.3 times as long as wide.
MesosoMa.In lateral view, 1.3 times as long as high.Mesoscutum (dorsal view) 0.8 times as long as its maximum width.Notauli mainly absent on smooth horizontal surface of mesoscutum.Mesoscutal pit present and elongate.Prescutellar depression smooth, with lateral carinae.Precoxal sulcus present, crenulate, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron.Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth.Propodeum entirely rugose-reticulate, with pentagonal areola.Propodeal spiracles relatively small.
Legs.Hind femur 3.8 times as long as its maximum width.Hind tibia slightly widened apically, 9.1 times as long as its maximum subapical width, 1.1 times as long as hind tarsus.First segment of hind tarsus 2.2 times as long as second segment.
MetasoMa.First tergite slightly widened towards apex, 3.0 times as long as its apical width, striate.Ovipositor 1.7 times as long as first tergite, 0.6 times as long as metasoma and 1.1 times as long as hind femur.
CoLour.Body, antenna and pterostigma brown.Legs yellowish brown.Last five apical flagellar segments paler than middle segments, yellowish brown.Wings hyaline.
Variation.Hind femur 3.9 times as long as its maximum width.

Male
Body 2.2 mm; fore wing 2.0 mm; hind wing 1.5 mm.Antenna more than 22-segmented (apical segments missing).Hind femur 4.2 times as long as its maximum width.

Comparative diagnosis
This new species is similar to Dinotrema subbidentatum sp.nov.but differs from it in having a rather long (visible in lateral view) upper tooth of mandible (very short and almost invisible in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.), mandible 1.3 times as long as its maximum width (1.7 times in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.), apical flagellar segments paler than middle segments (apical and middle segments similarly coloured in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.), the first flagellar segment 3.5 times as long as its maximum width (2.5-3.0 times in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.), eye in lateral view 1.8 times as wide as temple medially (1.3 times in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.), and the first metasomal tergite 3.0 times as long as its apical width (1.4 times in D. subbidentatum sp.nov.).

Description Female
Head.In dorsal view twice as wide as long, 1.5 times as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with temple rounded behind eyes.Eye in lateral view 1.6 times higher than wide and 1.3 times as wide as temple medially.POL 1.2 times as long as OD; OOL 2.3 times OD.Face 1.8 times as wide as high, completely covered by numerous setae; inner margins of eyes subparallel.Clypeus 3.4 times as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally.Paraclypeal fovea short, reaching middle of distance between clypeus and eye.Mandible 3-dentate, but in lateral view only two teeth visible, slightly widened towards apex, 1.7 times as long as its maximum width.Upper tooth not visible in lateral view, very small, shorter than lower and middle teeth; middle tooth small, slightly longer than upper tooth, wide basally and pointed apically; lower tooth short, wide, rounded.Antennae 17-segmented, about as long as body.Scape 1.7 times as long as pedicel.First flagellar segment 2.5 times as long as its apical width, 1.3 times as long as second segment; second segment 1.1 times as long as its maximum width.Third to thirteenth flagellar segments 1.3-1.5 times, 14 th segment 1.8 times, and 15 th (apical) segment 2.0 times as long as their width.
MesosoMa.In lateral view, 1.2 times as long as high.Mesoscutum (dorsal view) as long as its maximum width, with numerous setae located on its middle part.Notauli mainly absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum.Mesoscutal pit distinct and elongate.Prescutellar depression smooth, with median and lateral carinae.Precoxal sulcus present, crenulate, not reaching anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron.Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth.Propodeum mainly smooth, with pentagonal areola.Propodeal spiracles relatively small.
Legs.Hind femur 3.9 times as long as its maximum width.Hind tibia slightly widened apically, 8.3 times as long as its maximum subapical width and about as long as hind tarsus.First segment of hind tarsus 1.9 times as long as second segment.
MetasoMa.First tergite slightly widened towards apex, 1.4 times as long as its apical width, entirely striate.Ovipositor 1.4 times as long as first tergite, 0.6 times as long as metasoma, 0.9 times as long as hind femur.
CoLour.Body, flagellar segments and pterostigma from brown or dark brown.Legs yellow.Wings hyaline.

Male
Body length 2.0 mm; fore wing 2.5 mm; hind wing 1.9 mm.Antenna 17-19-segmented.First flagellar segment 3.0 times as long as its maximum width.

Comparative diagnosis
This new species is similar to Dinotrema plaumanni sp.nov.; differences between both species are shown after the description of the last species.
According to the key by Peris-Felipo et al. (2014b), this new species is similar to Dinotrema necrophilum (Hedqvist, 1972) and D. varimembre (Fischer, 1973).Dinotrema subbidentatum sp.nov.differs from D. necrophilum in having the mandible 1.7 times as long as its maximum width (1.5 times in D. necrophilum), the first metasomal tergite 1.4 times as long as its apical width (1.6 times in D. necrophilum), mesoscutal pit elongate (oval in D. necrophilum), and prescutellar depression with lateral carinae (without lateral carinae in D. necrophilum).Also, D. subbidentatum sp.nov.differs from D. varimembre in having the face 1.8 times as wide as high (1.4 times in D. varimembre), the first metasomal tergite 1.4 times as long as its apical width (1.8-2.0 times in D. varimembre), mesoscutal pit elongate (oval in D. varimembre), and prescutellar depression with lateral carinae (without lateral carinae in D. varimembre).

Etymology
Named after Teutônia ("Nova Teutonia"), the type locality of new species.

Description Female
Head.In dorsal view, 1.8 times as wide as long, 1.4 times as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with temple rounded behind eyes.Eye in lateral view 1.3 times higher than wide and 1.5 times as wide as temple medially.POL 1.5 times as long as OD; OOL 5.2 times OD.Face 1.2 times as wide as high, completely covered by numerous setae; inner margins of eyes subparallel.Clypeus 3.1 times as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally.Paraclypeal fovea long, surpassing middle of distance between clypeus and eye but remains distinctly removed from eye.Mandible 3-dentate, in lateral view only two teeth visible, slightly widened towards apex, 1.3 times as long as its maximum width.Upper tooth not visible in lateral view, very small, shorter than lower and middle teeth; middle tooth small, slightly longer than upper tooth, wide basally and pointed apically; lower tooth short, wide, rounded.Antennae 18-segmented, 1.3 times longer than body.Scape 2.5 times as long as pedicel.First flagellar segment 5.5 times as long as its apical width, 1.1 times as long as second segment.Second flagellar segment 4.0 times as long as its maximum width.Third to sixth segments 3.6 times, seventh to eleventh segments 3.2 times; 12 th and 13 th segments 2.6 times; 14 th and 15 th segments 3.2 times, and 16 th (apical) segment 3.5 times as long as width.
MesosoMa.In lateral view 1.3 times longer than high.Mesoscutum (dorsal view) 0.8 times longer than its maximum width.Notauli mainly absent on smooth horizontal surface of mesoscutum.Mesoscutal pit distinct and rounded.Prescutellar depression smooth, without lateral carinae.Precoxal sulcus present, crenulate, not reaching anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron.Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth.Propodeum smooth, with complete and distinct median longitudinal carina, with short transverse carinae not reaching sides of propodeum.Propodeal spiracles relatively small.
Legs.Hind femur 5.0 times longer than its maximum width.Hind tibia slightly widened to apex, 10.3 times longer than its maximum subapical width, 1.3 times as long as hind tarsus.First segment of hind tarsus 2.4 times as long as second segment.
MetasoMa.First tergite slightly widened towards apex, 2.8 times as long as its apical width, striate.Ovipositor 1.7 times as long as first tergite, 0.6 times as long as metasoma, about as long as hind femur.
CoLour.Body and pterostigma brown.Antenna, side of pronotum and legs yellowish brown.Five apical flagellar segments paler than middle segments, yellowish brown.Wings hyaline.

Comparative diagnosis
This new species is similar to D. angusticorne (Fischer, 1969a) and D. disstrae (Fischer, 1969a).Dinotrema teutoniaense sp.nov.differs from these species in having the mandible 2.0 times as long as its maximum width (1.3 times in D. angusticorne and 1.7 times in D. disstrae), the first flagellar segment 5.5 times as long as its maximum width (3.8 times in D. angusticorne and 2.2 times in D. disstrae), hind femur 5.0 times as long as its maximum width (4.3 times in D. angusticorne and D. disstrae), and the first metasomal tergite 2.8 times as long as its apical width (2.0 times in D. angusticorne and 1.8 times in D. disstrae).
According to the key by Peris-Felipo et al. (2014b), this new species is similar to D. occipitale (Fischer, 1973) and D. paramicum Munk & Peris-Felipo, 2013.Dinotrema teutoniaense sp.nov.differs from D. occipitale in having the face 1.2 times as wide as high (1.5 times in D. occipitale), mandible 1.3 times as long as its maximum width (1.5 times in D. occipitale), first flagellar segment 5.5 times as long as its maximum width (3.25 times in D. occipitale), and hind femur 5.0 times as long as its maximum width (4.0 times in D. occipitale).On the other hand, the new species differs from D. paramicum in having the face 1.2 times as wide as high (1.6 times in D. paramicum), first flagellar segment 5.5 times as long as its maximum width (3.0 times in D. paramicum), and hind femur 5.0 times as long as its maximum width (4.15-4.20 times in D. paramicum).(Fischer, 1969b)

II. PROPODEUM WITH SHORT MEDIAN CARINAE, SOMETIMES BRANCHED POSTERIORLY INTO TWO CARINAE
Until now, no species belonging to group II have been recorded from Neartic and Neotropical regions.

III. PROPODEUM MAINLY OR WIDELY SMOOTH AND WITH COMPLETE MEDIAN LONGITUDINAL CARINA
1. First flagellar segment 5.5 times as long as its maximum width (Fig. 8D).Apical flagellar segments paler than middle segments (Fig. 8A, D).Mandible twice as long as its maximum width (Fig. 8C).
-Mesosoma in lateral view 1.2-1.3times as long as high.First flagellar segment 3.5-3.8times as long as its maximum width.Paraclypeal fovea medium length, reaching middle distance between clypeus and eye.Face 1.8-2.0times as wide as high.Clypeus 3.0 times as wide as high .(Fischer, 1969)

VI. PROPODEUM MAINLY SCULPTURED AND WITH COMPLETE MEDIAN LONGITUDINAL CARINA
1. First metasomal tergite 3.1 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 2E).Hind femur 4.4-4.5 times as long as its maximum width (Fig. 1E).Mandible 1.7 times as long as its maximum width (Fig. 1D).
Head in dorsal view 1.6 times as width as its median length (Fig. 2A).Body length 1.5-2.0mm.-First metasomal tergite 1.5-2.0times as long as its apical width.Hind femur 3.5-3.9times as long as its maximum width.Mandible 1.0-1.3times as long as its maximum width.Head in dorsal view 1.8-1.9times as width as its median length ..  (Fischer, 1969) -Hind femur 3.9 times as long as its maximum width.First metasomal tergite 1.8 times as long as its apical width.Mandible 1.3 times as long as its maximum width.(Fischer, 1969)

Discussion
Dinotrema is one of the largest genera within the subfamily Alysiinae with more than 330 species described worldwide (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014b).Members of this genus were found in most zoogeographical regions but thus far never in South America.This is thus the first record of the genus Dinotrema in the Neotropical region.
The information published in this paper is valuable because of the role of the Aspilota genera group (including Dinotrema) in the regulation of the natural populations of dipterans belonging to the families Phoridae, Anthomyiidae and Platypezidae.In spite of the data presented here, additional studies on this unique region of the Earth is required to increase our knowledge on the composition and diversity of the Dinotrema of the world, as well as to provide the background for the use of these parasitoids in further biological control programs.

Fischer 1969d Table 1 .
List of new combinations presented in this paper, with their original name and publication.Dipterans larvae mainly from families Anthomyiidae, Phoridae and Platypezidae.