On Brazilian Austrotinodes Schmid, 1955 (Insecta, Trichoptera, Ecnomidae): new species, new distributional records and an updated checklist

The genus Austrotinodes contains 55 species, largely distributed in the Neotropics, with a few species occurring in the Australian Region. In Brazil, 10 species have been recorded, mainly in the southern and southeastern regions. Herein, we describe 13 new species from Brazil, all of them named in memory of great Brazilian scientists: Austrotinodes absaberi sp. nov., A. adolfolutzi sp. nov., A. berthalutzae sp. nov., A. chagasi sp. nov., A. costalimai sp. nov., A. cruzi sp. nov., A. donagrazielae sp. nov., A. gusmaoi sp. nov., A. lattesi sp. nov., A. lenti sp. nov., A. santosdumonti sp. nov., A. vanzolinii sp. nov. and A. vitalbrazili sp. nov. Additionally, we give new distribution records for A. amazonensis Flint & Denning, 1989, A. longispinum Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010, A. paraguayensis Flint, 1983 and A. taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010. We also provide new diagnoses and illustrations for A. amazonensis and A. paraguayensis, to facilitate identifi cation of those species.


Abbreviations of genital structures:
inf.app.

Diagnosis
Austrotinodes absaberi sp. nov. is most similar to A. gusmaoi sp. nov., A. donagrazielae sp. nov. and A. taquaralis, resembling these species in the elongate, upwards curved intermediate appendages with 3 apical spine-like setae. It differs in that the apical portion of the phallus has a long, slender posterolateral spine, absent in the other species. Furthermore, the intermediate appendage in A. absaberi sp. nov. and A. gusmaoi sp. nov. lacks a basoventral seta. Other differences distinguishing A. absaberi sp. nov. from related species are the shape of the phallic guide, which is smaller and strongly arched in the species described here, and the more elongate preanal appendages when compared with those of A. gusmaoi sp. nov. The differences among these species are relatively minor, and they are here placed informally in the taquaralis Group based on: (1) the elongate, upwards curved intermediate appendages with 3 apical spines; (2) phallus with lateral process elongate, bifi d, bearing an elongate and more robust dorsal branch and a short and slender ventral branch.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian biogeographer, geologist and environmentalist Aziz Nacib Ab'Saber, who was born at São Luiz do Paraitinga in São Paulo state in 1924 and died in 2012. Aziz Ab'Saber was the fi rst person to classify scientifi cally the Brazilian and South-America territory in morphoclimatic domains. He also contributed to the "Pleistocene Refuge Hypothesis", an attempt to explain the distribution and diversifi cation of Neotropical taxa as a result of their isolation in forest fragments during glacial periods.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4. 75-5.15 mm (n = 4). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with yellowish brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally. WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, narrow basally, enlarging apically, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, about 2 times as long as wide, enlarging apically, apical margin strongly convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, elevated over inferior appendages; in lateral view, strongly arched, base broad, apex subacute, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, short, subtriangular, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes elongate, directed laterad, posterior margin almost straight, gently crenulated. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous oval lobes, bearing slender dorsal setae; in lateral view, trapezoidal. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin slightly crenulated, almost parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, approximately ¾ length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, wide at base, tapering apically, curved dorsad, with 3 spines at apex (some paratypes with a spine-like seta at mid-length, absent in holotype). Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicoventral region, with 1 very elongate, posterolateral spine-like seta; lateral process elongate, bifi d; dorsal branch long, wide, with row of 2 subapical and 1 apical spines, the apical one longer and curved; ventral branch short, narrow, with 1 apical spine; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
This new species can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the shape of intermediate appendages, which are slightly curved dorsad near apex, bearing several spine-like setae: 1 long, projecting mesoventral, followed by a row of 4 or 5 lateroventral stout, spine-like setae, and an isolated apical one. The elongate and spinous, oval phallus resembles those of A. bracteatus Flint & Denning, 1989, A. lattesi sp. nov. and A. costalimai sp. nov.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian medical zoologist and epidemologist Adolfo Lutz, who was born at Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state in 1855 and died in 1940. Adolfo Lutz was the fi rst Latin American scientist to study in depth and to confi rm the mechanisms of transmission of yellow fever by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) mosquitoes. His dedication to public health was also paramount in the research and fi ght to control various epidemics in many points in Brazil. Because of this he is recognized as the father of tropical medicine and medical zoology in Brazil.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 3.75 -5.80 mm (n = 10). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae light yellow, dorsum of head dark golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.
WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongated; in lateral view, apparently enlarging subapically, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, about 2 times as long as wide, enlarged subapically, apical margin broadly convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, not highly elevated; in lateral view, arched, base moderately broad, apex rounded, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, stout, larger at base, apex subacute; in ventral view, lateral lobes elongate, directed posterad, posterior margin convex, not crenulated. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous ovate lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender dorsal setae along inner margin; in lateral view, elongate, tip pointed. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, almost same length as preanal appendage; in lateral view, parallel-sided, slightly curved dorsad near apex, with 1 projected mesoventral spine-like setae, row of 4-5 lateroventral and 1 apical spine-like setae. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicoventral region; lateral process moderately elongate, oval, widest at midlength, with 1 stout mesolateral spine, dorsal branch long, wide, with row of 3 stout ventral spines near apex, the 2 subapical ones 2 times longer than the more apical one; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
The new species resembles A. adamsae Flint, 1996 andA. contubernalis Flint & in having an elongate lateral process of the phallus with a single spine on the dorsal branch and two on the ventral branch, the fi rst median and the second apical. The phallic guide, in lateral view, is also similar in all three species, but shorter in A. contubernalis.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 3.04-3.26 mm (n = 4). In alcohol, general color brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.
WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view enlarged subapically, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, about 2 times as long as wide, narrow at base, enlarging apically, apical margin slightly convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, elevated over inferior appendages; in lateral view, almost straight, forked at the slightly broad base, apex subacute, reaching apex of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view short, subrectangular; in ventral view less wide than sternum IX, posterior margin slightly convex and crenulated, with shallow mesal emargination, without lateral lobes. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous subtriangular lobes, bearing slender dorsal setae along inner margin and a long seta at apex; in lateral view, subrectangular. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages almost ⅔ length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, enlarging apically, slightly curved dorsomesally, apex enlarged, asymmetric; left appendage with bilobed apex, bearing three spine-like setae directed posterad, one in dorsal lobe and two in ventral lobe; right appendage with irregular distal margin, with three spine-like setae (asymmetry also occurs in paratypes). Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicodorsal region; lateral process elongate, bifi d; dorsal branch short, directed posterodorsoapically, with an elongate apical spine; ventral branch long, wide, rounded apically, with three spines, one near base, one positioned almost at median region, and one at apex; basomesal process elongate, narrow, darkly sclerotized, with pointed apex. This species resembles A. bracteatus in the shape of its intermediate appendage, which is elongate, club-shaped and possesses stout spine-like setae near its apex. However, A. chagasi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from A. bracteatus by its more elongate and crenulated preanal appendages, and especially by the general structure of the phallus, which has a branched lateral process, with a long fi nger-like ventral branch, whereas in the formerly described species the lateral process is shorter and not branched.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian sanitary physician, scientist and bacteriologist Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas, who was born at Oliveira in Minas Gerais state in 1879 and died in 1934. Carlos Chagas described, in 1909, the disease named after him (Chagas disease) as well as the etiological agent (Trypanosoma) and the vector (hematophagous insects, Triatoma infestans Klug, 1843). The deed of discovering all the links in the epidemiological chain of an infectious disease was absolutely unprecedented in the history of medicine.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.00-5.60 mm (n = 10). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with yellowish brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.
WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, narrow basally, margins parallel-sided from distal half, ventral margin curved basally; in ventral view, about 2 times as long as wide, enlarged in distal half, apical margin convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, not highly elevated; in lateral view, arched, base broad, apex rounded, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, elongate, ovate, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes very elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin concave, crenulated. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous subtriangular lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender setae along inner margin; in lateral view, subrectangular. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, narrow, approximately ⅔ length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, club-shaped, enlarged apically, with 3 stout spine-like setae at apex (subapically positioned in dorsal view). Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicoventral region; lateral process moderately elongate, bifi d; dorsal branch short, robust, pointed posterodorsoapically, with 2 spines on distal half, the shorter one positioned on small projection; ventral branch long, fi nger-like in lateral view, wider at base in dorsal view, rounded apically, with 3 spines, 1 positioned on small projection near base, 1 almost at median region, and 1 at apex; without basomesal process.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to one of the foremost Brazilian entomologists, Angelo Moreira da Costa Lima, who was born at Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state in 1887 and died in 1964. Costa Lima made many contributions to studies of insects, being considered the father of Brazilian entomology. Among his most important works are the "Terceiro Catálogo", which was one of the most consulted works on plant-insect associations, and the book "Insetos do Brasil", published in eleven volumes and regularly consulted until today.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.25-5.50 mm (n = 2). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally. Wing venation typical for genus; forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent.
MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, sternum enlarged at apex , ventral margin curved basally forming an obtuse angle; in ventral view, about as long as wide, constricted basally, apical margin slightly convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, elevated over inferior appendages; in lateral view, strongly arched, base broad, apex subacute, reaching base of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, elongate, subtriangular; in ventral view, lateral lobes elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin slightly concave, crenulated. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous quadrate lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender dorsal setae; in lateral view, subrectangular. Preanal appendages long, large, surface setose, margin slightly crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, approximately ¾ length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, cylindrical, margins parallel-sided, strongly curved dorsad near apex, with 2 ventral spine-like setae at apical third (setae opposite-sided, one 4 times longer than other), 1 short preapical spine-like seta, and 1 apical long spine-like seta. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicalventral region; lateral process short, elongate oval, widest mesally, with 1 long, stout, midlateral spine and a row of 3 slender apical spines, the more apical one very short compared to subapical ones; lateral process, in dorsal view, U-shaped; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
Austrotinodes cruzi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the unusual shape of the intermediate appendages, which are very elongate and boomerang-like, and by the phallus, which has a short lateral process, hood-like when viewed laterally.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian physician, scientist, epidemiologist and bacteriologist Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz, who was born at São Luiz do Paraitinga in São Paulo state in 1872 and died in 1917.
Oswaldo Cruz was the mentor in an important sanitary campaign in Rio de Janeiro, which aimed at controlling the bubonic plague, yellow fever and smallpox. These diseases were raging all over the city, at the turn of the 20 th century, decimating the population. He also was the founder of an important research institute, named after him.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.75 mm (n = 1). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae light yellow, dorsum of head dark golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally. Wings. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, narrow basally, enlarging apically, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, about 1.5 times as long as wide, constricted medially, apical margin convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, elevated over inferior appendages; in lateral view, strongly arched, base moderately broad, apex subacute, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, elongate, subtriangular, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes very elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin concave, not crenulated, with mesal emargination. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous oval lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender setae along inner margin; in lateral view, subrectangular. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin crenulated, wider at base, tapering apically, apex rounded; in dorsal view, with a small invagination near apex at inner margin. Intermediate appendages very long, bifi d; in lateral view, boomerang-like, ventral branch strongly curved apically, reaching middle of phallic guide, dorsal branch directed posterad, bearing 1 stout setae at apex and small dorsal pointed projection near base. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicoventral region; lateral process short, with moderately produced apical fi nger-like projection bearing apical spine; base with 2 spines ventrobasally (only 1 spine visible in lateral view); without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
Austrotinodes donagrazielae sp. nov. belongs to the taquaralis Group, as mentioned before. All species of this group has a row of three stout ventrolateral spines on dorsal branch of lateral process of the phallus; however, only A. donagrazielae sp. nov. has the last spine subapically positioned, while in the other three species it is apically positioned. Additionally, the invagination of the anterior margin of segment IX in the species described here is larger, U-shaped, while in the other species of the taquaralis Group it is shallower, V-shaped. The phallic guide is also more robust than in A. absaberi sp. nov., A. gusmaoi sp. nov. and A. taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian botanist Graziela Maciel Barroso, who was born at Corumbá in Mato Grosso do Sul state in 1912 and died in 2003. Graziela Barroso was a leading authority on the fl ora of Brazil, and published a three-volume "Sistemática de Angiospermas do Brasil", which is an international reference on the subject. Dona Graziela, the cherished name by which she was known, is recognized as the First Lady of Brazilian Botany, being the fi rst woman who graduated from a course of natural history in Brazil.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 5.75-5.90 mm (n = 2). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian priest and inventor Bartolomeu de Lourenço Gusmão, who was born at Santos in São Paulo state in 1685 and died in 1724. Bartolomeu de Gusmão was the fi rst Brazilian inventor and scientist, famous for the creation in 1709 of the hot air balloon.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 5.15 mm (n = 1). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.

Distribution
Brazil (SP). The phallic guide is also less robust and more hook-like in the new species.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian physicist Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes, who was born at Curitiba in Paraná state in 1924 and died in 2005. César Lattes was one of the most distinguished and honored Brazilian physicists, and his work was fundamental for the development of atomic physics. He was one of the discoverers of the Pion (pi meson), a subatomic particle, and one of the main personalities behind the creation of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científi co e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF).

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.10-4.75 mm (n = 10). In alcohol, general color yellowish brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax and legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale yellow, forewing with fi ne pale yellow setae dorsally. WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, narrow basally, enlarging apically, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, little longer than wide, narrow at base, enlarging to apex, apical margin slightly convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, elevated over inferior appendages; in lateral view, strongly arched, base broad, apex rounded, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, short, subrectangular, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes moderately elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin slightly concave, not crenulated. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous subtriangular lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender setae along inner margin; in lateral view, subrectangular. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin slightly crenulated, wider at base, gently tapering apically, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, narrow, almost same length as preanal appendage; in lateral view, rod-like, strongly curved dorsad, with 1 stout mesal seta and 1-2 stout subapical setae. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apical region; lateral process short, elongate oval, widest subapically, with 1 spine at apical third and a row of 3 spines at apex, the mesal one 2 times longer than the others; in dorsal view U-shaped, elongate, with only 2 apical spines visible; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
Austrotinodes lenti sp. nov. resembles A. chihuahua  in the structure of the moderately elongate club-like intermediate appendages with 3 spine-like setae near its apex. This species is easily diagnosed by the unusual bifi d shape of the lateral process of the phallic apparatus, with a short, stout dorsal branch bearing 3 spines at its anterior margin, and a long, slender ventral branch with an apical, very elongate rugose, spine-like seta.

Etymology
This species is dedicated to the Brazilian medical zoologist and entomologist Herman Lent, who was born in Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state in 1923 and died in 2004. Herman Lent dedicated himself to studying the vectors of Chagas' disease, becoming one of the greatest triatomine specialists in the world, and publishing more than 200 scientifi c papers.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.00 mm (n = 1). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head dark golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally. WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, margins parallel-sided from distal half, ventral margin curved basally; in ventral view, about 2 times as long as wide, lateral margins almost straight, parallel-sided, apical margin convex. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, not highly elevated; in lateral view, curved at almost right-angle, base moderately broad, apex rounded, reaching middle of inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, stout, ovate, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes extremely elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin highly concave, slightly crenulated, with mesal emargination. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous subtriangular lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender dorsal setae along inner margin; in lateral view, elongate. Preanal appendages very long, surface setose, margin crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages slightly longer than half-length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, club-like, with 3 spine-like setae at apical third, 2 of them positioned subapically. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous apicoventral region; lateral process elongate, widest at base, ladle-like as viewed laterally; dorsal branch short, with 3 spines at posterior margin, the dorsal one 3 times longer than the ventral ones; ventral branch slender, with an elongate apical spine; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
This new species resembles A. abrachium Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010 by the shape of the elongate segment IX, and by the elongate preanal appendages. It can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the structure of the intermediate appendages, which are dorsally enlarged near their apex, and bear a single apical spine-like setae on this projection. Additionally, the unusual structure of the phallus, with the dorsal branch of the lateral process short, pointed apically, and the ventral branch widest basomedially, with 2 spines at its apex.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos Dumont, who was born at Palmira (now Santos Dumont) in Minas Gerais state in 1873 and died in 1932. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Flight" and "Aviation Pioneer" because he invented the fi rst true airplane called 14 BIS, which fl ew a distance of 220 meters at a height of 6 meters and at a speed of about 40 km/h, in Paris on November 12 th , 1906.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.10-5.30 mm (n = 10). In alcohol, general color yellowish brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax and legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale yellow, forewing with fi ne pale yellow setae dorsally.

Diagnosis
This species resembles A. taquaralis and correlated species by the overall shape of intermediate appendages, but can be easily distinguished by the presence of a row of 4 mesoventrally stout spine-like setae, absent in the previously described species. Additionally, the phallic apparatus is distinctive among the new species and the species of the A. taquaralis complex, with 2 long spines positioned midlaterally at the base of the lateral process and not near apex of dorsal branch as in the other species.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian herpetologist and music composer Paulo Emilio Vanzolini, who was born in São Paulo in São Paulo state in 1924 and died in 2013. Paulo Vanzolini was one of the scientists who contributed to the development of the "Refugia Theory" of tropical diversifi cation. He is also considered as one of the greatest samba composers of the country, with more than 70 musical compositions, including the famous "Ronda", "Volta Por Cima" and "Boca da Noite".

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 5.00 mm (n = 1). In alcohol, general color yellowish brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae yellow, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax and legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale yellow, forewing with fi ne pale yellow setae dorsally.
WINGS. Forewing with R1 forked apically, forks II-V present; hind wing with forks II, III and V, discoidal cell absent. MALE GENITALIA. Segment IX deeply divided, sternum elongate; in lateral view, margins parallel-sided, ventral margin slightly convex; in ventral view, about 1.5 times as long as wide, enlarged near apex, apical margin almost straight. Phallic guide darkly sclerotized, not highly elevated; in lateral view, strongly arched, base broad, apex subacute, not reaching the inferior appendage. Inferior appendages fused mesally, attached apicomesally on sternum IX; in lateral view, elongate, subovate, apex rounded; in ventral view, lateral lobes elongate, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin concave, slightly crenulated, with mesal emargination. Tergum X divided into pair of semimembranous subtriangular lobes, lobes bulbous, bearing slender dorsal setae; in lateral view, subrectangular, elongate. Preanal appendages long, surface setose, margin crenulated, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Intermediate appendages long, asymmetric in holotype, approximately ¾ length of preanal appendage; in lateral view, wide at base, tapering apically, slightly curved dorsad, with a row of 4 midventral spine-like setae, left appendage with small dorsal projection at apical third bearing an apical spine-like seta and a single subapical spine-like seta, right appendage without dorsal projection and with 2 subapical spine-like setae, one more than 2 times longer than other. Phallus with sclerotized phallobase and membranous  (2017) apical region; lateral process elongate, bifi d; dorsal branch long, wide, with 2 long spines basolaterally and 1 apical stout spine at apex; ventral branch narrow, with 1 apical spine; without basomesal process.

Diagnosis
Austrotinodes vitalbrazili sp. nov. is closely related to A. paraguayensis Flint, 1983, resembling that species in the shape of intermediate appendages, the elongate phallic guide and the phallic apparatus.
Although there is a general similarity in the intermediate appendages, the apex, which is truncate in both species, bears a short process in A. paraguayensis, whereas in the new species the apex is acute, without a process. The phallus of both species has a bifi d lateral process, with dorsal and ventral branches well developed, and bears a basomesal process. However, in A. vitalbrazili sp. nov. the elongate ventral branch has a pair of dorsal spines at midlength, absent in A. paraguayensis. Additionally, in the new species the anterior margin of inferior appendages is slightly concave in ventral view, while in A. paraguayensis it is strongly convex.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to the Brazilian biomedical scientist and immunologist Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha, who was born in Campanha in Minas Gerais state in 1865 and died in 1950. Vital Brazil was renowned for the discovery of the polyvalent anti-ophidic serum, used to treat bites of species belonging to several genera of venomous snakes. He also developed anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums, and was the founder of the "Butantan Institute," which was the fi rst in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied toxicology.

Description
ADULT. Length of forewing 4.00-4.75 mm (n = 6). In alcohol, general color golden brown, with golden brown sclerites; antennae stramineous, dorsum of head golden brown, with pale yellow and dark brown setae; thorax golden brown dorsally, light yellow ventrally; legs yellow, legs segments with brown setae; wings pale brown, forewing with fi ne pale brown setae dorsally.

Remarks
Austrotinodes amazonensis can be easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the deeply divided apex of the elongate phallic guide, intermediate appendages with a short ventral projection in the basal half, bearing an apical spine-like seta, and the unusual lateral process of the phallus, with the ventral branch forked. Other important characteristics of this species are the elongate segment IX with a strongly convex posterior margin and the inferior appendages with a wide V-shaped incision (best observed in ventral view). Additionally, the phallic apparatus has a dark basomesal process. For comparative purposes, A. amazonensis is reillustrated here in order to better observe the male genitalic structures, especially the phallic apparatus.
Austrotinodes amazonensis is reported here for the fi rst time from Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil, based on a specimen collected in the Serra da Canastra mountain range in the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado ecotone site. This is the fi rst reported occurrence of this species outside of its Amazon core distribution. Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010 Austrotinodes longispinum Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010

Remarks
Despite the resemblance with A. prolixus , especially regarding the intermediate appendages, this species can be recognized by the unique setation of the lateral process of the phallus, which has an extremely elongate mesolateral spine and a small apical one.
A. longispinum was originally reported from high altitude areas of the Atlantic Forest domain in the Serra do Mar mountain range (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states). We collected this species at a similar site, but in the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, in Espirito Santo state, the fi rst record of A. longispinum for this state. Flint, 1983 Fig. 16 Austrotinodes paraguayensis Flint, 1983: 119 [Type locality: Paraguay, Dpto. Paraguai, Colonia Piraretá; holotype depository: NMNH; male]. Austrotinodes taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010 Austrotinodes taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010

Remarks
Austrotinodes taquaralis is very similar to A. donagrazielae sp. nov., A. absaberi sp. nov. and A. gusmaoi sp. nov., possibly forming a species group or complex. There are minor differences among then, as mentioned in the species diagnoses of those species. This species can be diagnosed by a set of characteristics, including intermediate appendages tapering to apex, with a single basodorsal and 3 apical spine-like setae; inferior appendages with posterior margin concave with central point; and a phallus with the lateral process bearing a short slender ventral branch with a single apical spine, and a dorsal branch with a row of 2 subapical and 1 apical unenlarged spines.
This species is commonly encountered at Atlantic Forest sites in Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro state, and Minas Gerais. It is reported for the fi rst time and from similar sites from Espirito Santo state.

Discussion
The fi rst checklist of Brazilian Trichoptera ) registered only six species of Austrotinodes for the country. In 2010, Thomson & Holzenthal described four more species, bringing the total Brazilian fauna of Austrotinodes to ten species. Herein, we describe 13 more new species from Brazil, and it is possible that a very large number of new species remains unknown. These numbers (probably) refl ect the fact that our knowledge of diversity of Austrotinodes, as currently reported for the Neotropical Region and especially Brazil, is still very incipient. The collection and description of the caddisfl y fauna, including the ecnomids, need to be recognized as a priority in Brazil, especially for the Northeast and Midwest regions, both representing hiatuses in our knowledge of the diversity of Trichoptera.
As in virtually all groups of Neotropical caddisfl ies, the biology and immature stages of Austrotinodes are poorly known. To date, only immatures of A. cubanus Kumanski, 1987 and A. recta Schmid, 1964 have been described (Botosaneanu 1994;Flint 1973). This lack of knowledge of immature stages is particularly problematic, given the recognized importance of larval and pupal characters to establish a reasonable classifi cation and phylogenetic system.
Additionally, the use of light traps, a technique extensively used for sampling caddisfl ies, doesn't seem to be very effi cient for capturing specimens of Austrotinodes. It may account for the low number of specimens on which the descriptions of new species are commonly based. We also recommend the use of Malaise traps, placed above fl owing streams with coarse substrate (where larvae are commonly found), to improve sample efforts.