Glossostyles perspicua gen. et sp. nov. and other fungivorous Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) new to the Czech and Slovak Republics

Abstract. Fungivorous gall midges of the subfamilies Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae were largely neglected in previous inventories of the Diptera faunas of the Czech and Slovak Republics. A taxonomic-faunistic study focusing on these subfamilies identified a total of 80 species, of which 49 are new records for the Czech Republic and 33 are new records for Slovakia. Species that have never before been found in central Europe are Aprionus dalarnensis Mamaev, 1998, A. oligodactylus Jaschhof, 2009, A. pigmentalis Mamaev, 1998, Asynapta inflata Spungis, 1988, Camptomyia gigantea Spungis, 1989, Cassidoides fulviventris (Mamaev, 1964), Claspettomyia hamata (Felt, 1907), Dendrepidosis longipennis (Spungis, 1981), Dicerura dispersa Jaschhof, 2013, Divellepidosis lutescens (Spungis, 1981), D. pallescens (Panelius, 1965), D. vulgata Jaschhof, 2013, Ekmanomyia svecica Jaschhof, 2013, Holoneurus ciliatus Kieffer, 1896, Monepidosis pectinatoides Jaschhof, 2013, Neocolpodia gukasiani (Mamaev, 1990), Neurolyga acuminata Jaschhof, 2009, Neurolyga interrupta Jaschhof, 2009, Parepidosis planistylata Jaschhof, 2013, Peromyia bidentata Berest, 1988, Porricondyla errabunda Mamaev, 2001, P. microgona Jaschhof, 2013, P. tetraschistica Mamaev, 1988, Schistoneurus irregularis Mamaev, 1964, Spungisomyia fenestrata Jaschhof, 2013, S. media (Spungis, 1981), Tetraneuromyia lamellata Spungis, 1987, T. lenticularis (Spungis, 1987), and Winnertzia parvispina Jaschhof, 2013. A new genus including a single new species of Porricondylini is described and named Glossostyles perspicua Jaschhof & Sikora gen. et sp. nov. on the basis of specimens collected in the Czech Republic and Sweden. Adult morphology suggests that Glossostyles gen. nov. is a close relative of Claspettomyia Grover, 1964.

. This is a virgin forest mainly composed of fir and beech intermixed with ash, spruce and sycamore maple and with an enormous and unique diversity of flies (see Roháček & Ševčík 2009). Photos by J. Ševčík European Journal of Taxonomy 303: 1-29 (2017) personal collection of Tomáš Sikora (TSPC), which will ultimately be deposited in NMPC, in the NHRS, and in the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Müncheberg, Germany. Morphological terms used here are in accordance with those applied to fungivorous Cecidomyiidae by Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2009, 2013, and, with respect to wing veins, Jaschhof (2016). The arrangement of subfamilies follows the classification outlined by Gagné & Jaschhof (2014); genera and species are listed alphabetically.
Other abbreviations used in the present paper are as follows: BR = Biosphere Reserve NM = Nature Monument NR = Nature Reserve NNR = National Nature Reserve NP = National Park tg = tergite

Diagnosis
Adult morphology shows Glossostyles gen. nov. to be a typical member of the tribe Porricondylini, where it belongs to the large group of genera with 14 male flagellomeres and without basitarsal spines (group Aa in Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2013). The unadorned but massive construction of the male genitalia ( Fig. 3D) makes Glossostyles gen. nov. distinctive, with the particulars as follows. The gonocoxae are fully merged ventromedially and lack processes at the posterior edge; the gonostyli are disproportionally large and have no apical structure other than a sparse row of inconspicuous spines; the parameres are fused to form a tegmen, which encloses the ejaculatory apodeme dorsally as a weakly sclerotized semicylinder whose shape is elongate-trapezoid in ventral view. Similarly, large gonostyli and gonocoxae are found in other genera of Porricondylini, such as Pseudepidosis Mamaev, 1966 andClaspettomyia Grover, 1964, but there they are modified, the gonostyli with apical teeth and/or subapical swellings, and the gonocoxae with a ventral emargination and various processes. Unlike in Glossostyles gen. nov., the parameres in Pseudepidosis and Claspettomyia are strongly sclerotized, and are either separated from each other or complexly built. Claspettomyia is peculiar among these three genera for having 13 instead of 14 male flagellomeres.

Etymology
The name Glossostyles is composed of the Greek words 'glossa', for tongue, and 'stylos', for stylus, with reference to the distinctive tongue-shape of the gonostyli. Gender is feminine.

Notes on relationship
Obvious similarities in the structure of the gonostyli and gonocoxae suggest that Glossostyles gen. nov. is most closely related to Claspettomyia. In both genera the gonostyli are enormously large, constricted beyond the basal apophyses, which are well developed, and clearly broadened further distally, while the massive gonocoxae are much broader than long.

Diagnosis
This species differs from the other Porricondylini in the characters referred to in the generic diagnosis of Glossostyles gen. nov. In particular, the tongue-shaped gonostyli, which are unusually large and directed ventromedially, make G. perspicua gen. et sp. nov. unmistakable.

Male
Body. Size up to 2.2 mm.
Female body. Size up to 2.8 mm.
Head. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres. Flagellomeres with elongate-subcylindrical nodes, distinct necks, circumfila as in Fig. 3F. Neck of fourth flagellomere more than half as long as node.

Note on identification
The specimens of G. perspicua gen. et sp. nov. from Tyresta were initially identified as an unnamed species of Porricondylini by Voldemars Spungis, University of Latvia, who worked, but never published, on the Porricondylinae from the Tyresta insect inventory in the early 2000s. Due to the rather poor state of preservation, those specimens remained undescribed in Jaschhof & Jaschhof's (2013) revision of Swedish Porricondylinae.

Distribution
Recorded in several European countries, from Norway to Ukraine (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to CZ.

Distribution
Until now recorded only from northern Europe (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to CZ.

Distribution
Widely distributed and very common in Europe (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to CZ.

Distribution
Common and widely distributed in Europe (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to SK.

Distribution
Recently described from Sweden and Germany (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2015), probably more widely distributed in Europe. New to SK.

Distribution
Previously known only from the type locality in Germany (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to SK.

Distribution
Widely distributed in Europe (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). Reported as new to CZ by Ševčík (2010), who found larvae living in mould on the polypore fungus Royoporus badius. Another rearing record from CZ is presented here. (Felt, 1907)

Distribution
Holarctic in distribution (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). Previously reported from CZ by Ševčík (2010). This is an additional record for CZ.

Distribution
This is the first record of this species outside the type locality in Sweden (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014

Distribution
Previously known only from Sweden and Latvia (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). New to central Europe including CZ.

Discussion
Only 44 species of the fungivorous subfamilies have previously been recorded from all of the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Skuhravá & Košel 1995;Jaschhof 1998Jaschhof , 2015Mantič et al. 2015;Skuhravá 1997Skuhravá , 2004Skuhravá , 2009Ševčík 2010;Tóth & Lukáš 2004). In this paper, a total of 49 species are for the first time reported from the Czech Republic and 33 species from Slovakia. Thirty-nine species are new to the fauna of central Europe. Many of the newly recorded species have only recently been discovered and described from Sweden (see Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2013). The level of current knowledge of the mycophagous gall midge fauna in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is difficult to estimate, but must certainly be considered as preliminary. Based on species inventories in other well-wooded European countries, such as Germany (Jaschhof 2009) and Sweden (Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2009, 2013, we estimate the number of species of the fungivorous subfamilies in the Czech and Slovak Republics at more than 400, meaning we are at the very beginning with our efforts. Most of the species found during our survey belong, as far as is known, to a group of boreo-montane and / or silvicolous species, although several localities sampled represent rather thermophilous forests or forest steppes, especially in the Podyjí and Muránska planina national parks. Recent results regarding other families of Bibionomorpha (e.g., Mantič et al. 2015) indicate a distribution pattern in which principally Mediterranean species extend to central Europe, but no such species of Cecidomyiidae were found during this study.
Our inventory of fungivorous Cecidomyiidae in the Czech and Slovak Republics will be continued, with a focus on those localities that in the past proved to be particularly rich in species. Collecting techniques other than Malaise trapping will be tested, including those providing biological information (cf. Ševčík & Roháček 2008).
Our results add to the pool of data that are necessary for meaningful biogeographical and ecological analyses of these gall midges (cf. Jaschhof & Jaschhof 2009). Considering that almost all the insect samples interpreted here have been collected in nature reserves and national parks, our data are useful for highlighting the extraordinary natural richness of those areas, and also in supporting decision-making processes in nature conservation in the future.
Czech Republic). Miroslav Barták, Jan Ježek and Jindřich Roháček kindly provided their material. We thank Michal Mantič for assembling the photos of localities, Peter J. Chandler for checking the English language, Marcela Skuhravá for reading and commenting on the manuscript prior to submission to the journal, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.