Four new species of Nyctonympha Thomson , 1868 ( Coleoptera , Cerambycidae , Lamiinae )

Four new species of Nyctonympha Thomson, 1868 are described: N. antonkozlovi sp. nov. and N. sinjaevi sp. nov. from Colombia, N. birai sp. nov. from Venezuela and N. mariahelenae sp. nov. from Brazil (Rondônia), Bolivia and Peru. Nyctonympha flavipes Aurivillius, 1990 is formally excluded from the Peruvian and Brazilian fauna. A provisional key to species of Nyctonympha is provided.


Introduction
established Nyctonympha for his new species N. cribrata from Colombia.Later, Lameere (1893) described two species from Venezuela and assigned them to Hebestola Haldeman, 1847: H. carcharias Lameere, 1893 andH. costipennis Lameere, 1893.A few years later, Belon (1897) described another species from Bolivia, also in Hebestola: H. annulipes Belon, 1897. Aurivillius (1900, 1920) described two new species from Venezuela in Nyctonympha: N. glauca Aurivillius, 1900 andN. annulata Aurivillius, 1900, and one more from Bolivia: N. flavipes Aurivillius, 1920. Martins & Galileo (1989) synonymized N. glauca with H. carcharias, transferring the latter along with H. costipennis to Nyctonympha Thomson, 1868.According to these authors, the holotype of H. costipennis was not found in any collection and the transfer was based on the original description, but with some doubts.They examined the holotype of Hebestola carcharias, but they did not mention whether they examined the holotype of N. glauca.In the same work, they described N. punctata Martins & Galileo, 1989 from Argentina and provided a key to species of Nyctonympha.We also tried to locate the holotype of Hebestola costipennis, but without success.

Material and methods
Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS Rebel T3i DSLR camera, Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5× macro lens, controlled by Zerene Stacker AutoMontage software.Measurements were taken in 'mm' using a micrometer ocular Hensoldt / Wetzlar -Mess 10 in the Leica MZ6 stereo microscope (also used in the study of specimens).
The acronyms used in the text are as follows: DZUP = Coleção de Entomologia Pe.Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil IRSNB = Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium MNRJ = Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil MSZP = Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

Differential diagnosis
Depending on the angle of light, most of the pubescence appears distinctly golden or somewhat greenish.
Nyctonympha sinjaevi sp.nov.differs from N. cribrata Thomson, 1868 as follows: body wider; distance between antennal tubercles wider; distance between upper eye lobes smaller (slightly wider than 1.5 times width of one lobe); distal antennomeres more slender and longer; pronotal and elytral punctation finer (distinctly sparser on pronotum); sutural elytral apex rounded.In N. cribrata (see photograph of the holotype in Bezark 2016) the body is slender, the distance between antennal tubercles is narrower, the distance between upper eye lobes is larger (distinctly wider than 1.5 times width of one lobe), the distal antennomeres are thicker and shorter, the pronotal and elytral punctation is coarser (distinctly denser on pronotum), and the sutural elytral apex is projected.

Etymology
The specific epithet refers to Victor Sinjaev, one of the collectors of the holotype.

Female
Integument dark-brown, almost black; mouthparts reddish-brown except palpi brown with only basal and distal areas reddish-brown; base of antennomeres IV-IX yellowish (this area larger ventrally on IV-VI, mainly on IV); antennomere X yellowish on basal half (this area slightly longer ventrally); antennomere XI yellowish on basal ⅔.
abdomen.With yellowish pubescence, not obscuring integument (more yellowish laterally), except on glabrous areas surrounding each fine, sparse puncture (more abundant laterally); ventrite V with central longitudinal groove, widened from base to apex; apex of ventrite V truncate, slightly widely emarginate centrally.

Differential diagnosis
Nyctonympha antonkozlovi sp.nov.differs from N. boyacana Martins & Galileo, 2008 (see photograph of the holotype in Bezark 2016) by: the scape, pronotum and elytra distinctly less punctate (mainly scape); femora without punctures surrounded by glabrous area; mesepisternum impunctate.In N. boyacana the scape, pronotum and elytra are distinctly more densely punctate, the femora have punctures surrounded by glabrous areas, and the mesepisternum is punctate.The new species differs from N. howdenarum Martins & Galileo, 1992 by the wider body, by the distance between upper eye lobes distinctly wider than width of one lobe, by the prothorax wider than long, and by the pronotum with gibbosities.In N. howdenarum the body is slender, the distance between upper eye lobes is about equal to width of one lobe, the prothorax is about as long as wide (including lateral tubercles), and the pronotum has no gibbosities.

Etymology
The specific epithet refers to Anton Olegovich Kozlov, who sent and donated the holotype.

Male
Integument dark-brown; mouthparts reddish-brown except palpi brown with only basal and distal areas reddish-brown; antennomeres V-XI yellowish ringed on base; antennomeres gradually lighter toward distal segments, mainly after VIII; gula yellowish-brown on base, gradually dark-brown toward submentum; distal area of ventrites I-IV narrowly, transversely reddish-brown.
THorax.Prothorax wider than long (1.2 times); sides concave between base and lateral tubercle and slightly concave between lateral tubercle and distal margin; finely, sparsely punctate below lateral tubercle, gradually sparser centrally toward ventral side, densely basally toward prosternal process; with ochraceous pubescence, partially obscuring integument, distinctly sparser basally.Pronotum transversely sulcate near base and apex (less so centrally); sides with conical, moderately acute tubercle placed about middle; with three distinct gibbosities: one at each side of anterior half, close to middle of pronotum, transverse, slightly oblique, and one centrally, elongate, more elevated than lateral gibbosities, narrowed toward distal area of pronotum; surface finely, moderately abundantly punctate (punctures slightly coarser than on sides of prothorax), smooth on part of central gibbosity; with ochraceous pubescence, partially obscuring integument, except glabrous top of central gibbosity.Prosternum finely, moderately abundantly punctate (punctures as on sides of prothorax); with ochraceous pubescence, partially obscuring integument.Prosternal process without distinct punctures; with ochraceous pubescence obscuring part of integument.Mesosternum depressed on wider central area; finely, sparsely punctate on depressed region, smooth laterally; with ochraceous pubescence not obscuring SANTOS-SILVA A. & BOTERO J.P., Four new species of Nyctonympha from South America integument, more distinct laterally.Mesepisternum and mesepimeron impunctate; with ochraceous pubescence, partially obscuring integument.Mesosternal process deeply emarginate at apex, laterally forming acute lobe at each side.Metepisternum finely, sparsely punctate; with ochraceous pubescence partially obscuring integument.Metasternum coarsely, moderately abundantly punctate laterally; with ochraceous pubescence not obscuring integument (obscuring integument on area near metacoxae); with long, erect, sparse, yellowish setae.Scutellum slightly depressed centrally on basal ⅔, truncate at apex; with ochraceous pubescence not obscuring integument.
elyTra.Surface somewhat irregular; finely, moderately abundantly punctate on basal half, gradually sparser toward apex, interspersed with coarse punctures; with ochraceous, dense pubescence interspersed with several irregular areas with sparser pubescence; with erect, sparse, yellowish setae on distal quarter (longer, more abundant laterally and toward apex); apex obliquely truncate, with outer angle distinctly spined and sutural angle rounded.

Differential diagnosis
Nyctonympha birai sp.nov.differs from N. annulata Aurivillius, 1990 by: the wider body; prothorax without lateral tubercles, as wide as long; elytral apex slightly projected at outer angle, and slightly obliquely truncate.In N. annulata (Fig. 16), the body is slender, the prothorax is longer than wide, and the elytral apex has a long spine at outer angle and is strongly obliquely truncate.

Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the late Ubirajara Ribeiro Martins de Souza (Bira).

Female
Head dark-brown, reddish-brown on some areas; mouthparts reddish-brown; scape dark-brown, maculate with reddish-brown on some areas; antennomere III reddish-brown on base, gradually darkbrown toward apex; antennomeres IV-VII yellowish on basal half, gradually dark-brown toward apex; antennomeres VIII-XI yellowish on basal ⅔, dark-brown on distal third; prothorax dark reddish-brown, slightly lighter on some areas; ventral side of meso-and metathorax and abdomen dark-brown (reddishbrown on ventrite V); elytra pale reddish-brown, slightly darkened close to apex; femora reddish-brown, more brownish on some areas; tibiae dark reddish-brown on basal half, dark-brown on distal half.Pubescence grayish-white, not obscuring integument.
Head.Frons moderately coarsely, sparsely punctate (punctures slightly denser toward antennal tubercles); with some long, erect, yellowish setae close to lower eye lobes.Area between antennal tubercles with punctures as on frons, more abundant laterally.Area between upper eye lobes coarsely, abundantly punctate (punctures coarser than on frons).Remaining surface of vertex moderately coarsely (punctures slightly finer than on area between upper eye lobes), sparsely punctate (sparser centrally toward prothorax).Tempora moderately coarsely, sparsely punctate behind upper eye lobes (punctures as on area of vertex closer to prothorax); area behind lower eye lobe tumid close to eye, with row of moderately coarse punctures.Genae impunctate, with some long, erect, yellowish setae ventrally.Antennal tubercles impunctate.Coronal suture distinct from clypeus to prothoracic margin.Postclypeus glabrous laterally, with one long, erect, yellowish seta near glabrous area.Labrum concave, coplanar with anteclypeus on basal half, sloped on distal half; finely, abundantly punctate, mainly on coplanar region; with long, yellowish setae directed forward, mainly on sloped area.Mandibles with triangular depression on basal third; with long, sparse, erect, yellowish setae on basal half, glabrous on distal half.Distance between upper eye lobes 0.5 times length of scape; distance between lower eye lobes in frontal view equal to length of scape.Antennae 1.65 times elytral length, reaching elytral apex at basal quarter of antennomere IX; scape gradually enlarged on basal half (mainly at inner side), slightly narrowed toward apex on inner side of distal half; ventral side of scape, pedicel and antennomeres with erect, brownish setae ventrally, more abundant on III, gradually shorter, sparser toward distal segments; antennal formula (ratio) based on antennomere III: scape = 0.78; pedicel = 0.14; IV = 1.72;V = 1.33;VI = 1.10;VII = 0.91; VIII = 0.76; IX = 0.71; X = 0.62; XI = 0.58.

Variability
Antennomere III dark reddish-brown on basal ⅔, dark-brown on distal third; antennomeres IV-XI yellowish, abruptly dark-brown near apex; prothorax brown, dark-reddish brown on some areas.

Differential diagnosis
Martins & Galileo (1989) discussed N. flavipes (translated): "Species very close to N. annulipes.The elytral apex in N. flavipes is unarmed or very slightly projected at sutural angle, and the outer spine is wide, relatively short; the femora and tibiae are yellowish with a central brownish ring.That same color was mentioned by Belon (1897) in the description of N. annulipes.The identification of Belon's species was only possible via the examination of two syntypes (besides 15 other syntypes not examined, MNHN).The designation of the lectotype for N. annulipes would be very desirable because, perhaps, the type series is a composite."Nyctonympha mariahelenae sp.nov.differs from N. flavipes as follows: body wider; prothorax as wide as long; elytral punctures finer, less dense, mainly on distal half near suture; elytral apex less obliquely truncate, with outer angle shorter.In N. flavipes (Fig. 20) the body is slender, the prothorax (without lateral tubercles) is longer than wide, the elytral punctures are coarse, more abundant, including on distal half near suture, and the elytral apex is distinctly more oblique, with the spine of outer angle distinctly longer.

Etymology
The specific epithet refers to Maria Helena M. Galileo for her contribution to our knowledge of Cerambycidae from the Neotropical region.

Female
Integument dark-brown; mouthparts reddish-brown; ventral side of head brownish toward prothorax; antennomeres IV with wide, dark reddish-brown ring at base; antennomere V-VI with wide, yellowish ring at base (proportionally wider on VI); antennomeres VII-IX with narrow, yellowish ring at base; antennomere X yellowish on basal half, gradually brown toward apex; antennomere XI yellowish on basal third, gradually brown toward apex (with slightly distinct yellowish-brown ring near apex); femora dark reddish-brown with moderately distinct, wide, dark-brown ring about center of club; tibiae reddishbrown (more brownish on base), with wide, brown ring near middle; tarsi yellowish-brown except darkbrown claws.Part of grayish-white pubescence more yellowish depending on angle of light.
Head.Frons moderately coarsely, abundantly punctate; with grayish-white pubescence not obscuring integument; with one long, erect, yellowish seta close to lower eye lobes.Vertex moderately finely, abundantly punctate (punctures denser than on frons); with grayish pubescence not obscuring integument.Eyes surrounded by narrow band of yellowish pubescence.Tempora with punctures as on vertex on area closer to vertex, impunctate on remaining surface behind upper eye lobe, tumid, finely, sparsely punctate close to lower eye lobe; with grayish-white pubescence behind upper eye lobes and tumid area behind lower eye lobes (except yellowish band close to eye), glabrous on remaining surface behind lower eye lobes.Genae finely striate centrally; with sparse, grayish-white pubescence, gradually sparser toward apex; with some long, erect, yellowish setae ventrally.Antennal tubercles impunctate; with grayishwhite pubescence not obscuring integument.Coronal suture distinct from clypeus to prothoracic margin.Postclypeus very narrow, shiny, with a central longitudinal carina.Labrum concave, coplanar with anteclypeus on basal quarter, distinctly sloped on distal ¾; finely, abundantly punctate; with long, erect, yellowish setae directed forward, mainly laterally.Mandibles with wide, sub-triangular depression from base to slightly after middle; with long, sparse, erect, yellowish setae on sub-triangular depression, glabrous toward apex.Distance between upper eye lobes 0.3 times length of scape; distance between lower eye lobes in frontal view 0.8 times length of scape.Antennae 1.75 times elytral length, reaching elytral apex at distal third of antennomere VIII; scape gradually enlarged on basal third (more abruptly at inner side); ventral side of scape, pedicel and antennomeres with erect, brownish setae ventrally, more abundant on III, gradually shorter, sparser toward distal segments; antennal formula (ratio) based on antennomere III: scape = 0.88; pedicel = 0.15; IV = 1.67;V = 1.49;VI = 1.20;VII = 1.00;VIII = 0.84; IX = 0.75; X = 0.71; XI = 0.82.

Male
Antennae longer, reaching elytral apex at base of distal third of antennomere VI.Apex of ventrite V slightly and widely emarginate.

Variability
Antennomere III dark reddish-brown on basal ¾; antennomere X brownish only near apex; antennomere XI yellowish with slightly distinct brownish ring near apex; tarsomeres maculate with brown color; punctures on frons denser, similar to vertex; pronotum punctate basally; pronotal punctures not partially confluent.

Remarks
Nyctonympha flavipes was recorded from Peru and Brazil (Rondônia) by Martins & Galileo (1989) and for Brazil (Maranhão) by Martins et al. (2011).However, as N. flavipes was mistakenly identified, we are formally excluding this species from the Peruvian and Brazilian fauna.

Discussion
With the description of four new species herein, Nyctonympha now comprises 18 species distributed from Panama to the north of Argentina.Future examination of large series of specimens may provide a better understanding of the species, allowing improvement of the key and a better understanding of the true geographical distribution of each species.We hope to locate the holotype of Hebestola costipennis, to confirm or not its exclusion from Nyctonympha.The discovery of these new species suggests that a huge diversity in Cerambycidae remains to be described.