First record of the genus Genaemirum (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae) from West Africa, with the description of a new species from Guinea

A new species of the Afrotropical genus Genaemirum Heinrich, 1936 is described from a single female specimen from Guinea and compared to the closest species, G. rhinoceros Heinrich, 1967. Genaemirum fi lipazzii sp. nov. also provides the fi rst record of the genus for West Africa. An updated key to the species is included.


Introduction
Genaemirum Heinrich, 1936 is an endemic Afrotropical genus with eight recognized species up to now (Rousse et al. 2016), and with a scattered distribution between Southern and Eastern Africa (Table 1). The suprageneric placement of Gemaemirum is far from clear. Heinrich (1967) placed the genus within the tribe Heresiarchini (= Protichneumonini sensu Heinrich) and the newly described subtribe Apatetorina, but according to the cladistic analysis of Sime & Wahl (2002), Heresiarchini are paraphyletic. Despite this recent fi nding, Tereshkin (2009) maintained the traditional concept of Heresiarchini and therefore the position of Genaemirum. In a later paper, Rousse et al. (2016) did not speculate about the position of the genus, but agreed upon the fact that "the gradual curve of the propodeum in profi le is typical of the tribe Heresiarchini".
Genaemirum can be distinguished from the other genera by the combination of the following characters: the fl attened and uncarinate scutellum; the long and evenly curved propodeum with area superomedia and

R e s e a r c h a r t i c l e
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:411EB11F-43FB-4915-8C56-4CF5950CCF08 area basalis fused into a long and smooth mid-longitudinal surface; highly specialized head structures, such as appendages of the apex of the gena and / or horn-like projections or carinae on the frons, behind the antennal sockets (Heinrich 1936(Heinrich , 1967Rousse et al. 2016).
The biology of the genus is poorly known. According to Rousse et al. (2016), species of Genaemirum are likely to be idiobiont parasitoids of pupae of Lepidoptera, as suggested by both indirect observations (such as an oxypygous metasoma and the biology of the species belonging to many heresiarchines, such as Coelichneumon Thomson, 1893), and direct rearing of G. phagocossorum (Rousse, Broad & van Noort, 2016), which has been reported to emerge from logs of Eucalyptus nitens (H. Deane & Maiden) (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) heavily infested by Coryphodema tristis (Drury, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).
The particular appendages and modifi cations of the head are not clearly understood. Heinrich (1967) speculated they could be an adaptation either to access the host or emerge from a particular substrate. As they are apparently restricted to females, Rousse et al. (2016) furthermore suggested they could be involved in host foraging, for example by facilitating the progression of the female within the frass-fi lled feeding tunnels of the host caterpillars.
The present publication describes a new species of Genaemirum collected from Guinea, expanding the distribution of the genus to the Western Africa. An updated key to the species of Genaemirum is also provided.

Photographs
A dissecting stereo microscope (OPTIKA SZM-2) was used for observation and study. Photographs were taken with a Canon Eos 600D, lens Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5 × Macro and Sigma 105 mm f/2.8 Macro DG OS HSM, using Combine ZP for the stacking (Hadley 2008).

Mapmaking
The records are in decimal degree (datum WGS84) and distribution maps were produced using QGIS 2.14.22 with shape fi les produced by Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com) and Map Library (http://www.maplibrary.org).

Comparative specimen
The holotype of the new species was compared with the female holotype of Genaemirum rhinoceros Heinrich, 1967 (ZSMC: Type-No: ZSM-HYM-00254) collected in Uganda. For major details on the labels refer to Rousse et al. (2016).

Diagnosis
Body length 14.5 mm. Head mostly reddish-brown with frons, vertex and occiput black; mesosoma black with isolated reddish-brown markings; metasoma and legs reddish brown but hind coxa partly black; wings hyaline; antenna with 33 fl agellomeres; lower gena not produced laterally; clypeus transverse and with the apical margin slightly truncate in the middle; lower frons smooth and short, separated from coarsely rugose upper frons by a transverse M-shaped carina; mesosoma densely to sparsely punctate; metasoma densely punctate on tergites 1-4, sparsely punctate on the remaining tergites.

Etymology
The species is dedicated by the fi rst author (DDP) to his friend, Luca Filipazzi (Milano, Italy) and to his courageous battle, always with a smile on his face, against Duchenne muscular dystrophy. As a modest thanksgiving for all these years of friendship and inspiration, his name is now set among Nature's wonders, as a little piece of eternity.

Material examined
Holotype GUINEA: ♀, "N'Zérékoré [Nzérékoré] / Fr. Guinea / 24/4 1950 / Sv. Herold Olsen" (NHMD). The holotype is in good condition with left wings detached and glued on a label pinned below the specimen, but the apical fl agellomeres of the right antenna are missing.

Description
Female HEAD. Mandible rather stout, punctate and setose, slightly concave on outer aspect, teeth blunt with upper tooth about 2.0 × lower tooth; malar space 0.2 × mandible basal width; occipital carina meeting hypostomal carina distant from mandible base by 0.8 × basal width of mandible; hypostomal carina raised, lamelliform; clypeus 3.2 × as wide as medially high, fl at, differentiated from face by suture, punctate with apical margin smoother and slightly truncate in middle; face 4.6 × wider than high, matt and densely punctate, with a mid-longitudinal, horn-like, projecting lamella; lower frons smooth and short, separated from upper frons by a transverse M-shaped carina; upper frons and stemmaticum with a differentiated coarsely rugose surface; vertex very faintly coriaceous with inconspicuous dense punctures near occipital carina; temple about as wide as eye, roundly narrowed behind eyes; occipital carina sharp, ventrally lamellate; ocellar triangle wider than long, ocelli rather small, POL 1.1, OOL 1.4; antenna stout, widened medially, thinner apically, with 33 fl agellomeres, fi rst fl agellomere 1.8 × as long  MESOSOMA. Pronotum striate on ventral margin, sparsely punctate centrally, otherwise fi nely and densely punctate; pronotal collar punctate to puncto-striate, epomia strong; mesopleuron densely punctate, punctures fi ner on epicnemium and subtegular ridge, speculum smooth and shining, mesopleural groove smooth above speculum, epicnemial carina nearly reaching pronotal margin below expanded subtegular ridge, dorsally fading into punctures; metapleuron densely punctate to nearly smooth ventrally; mesoscutum evenly rounded, fi nely and densely punctate laterally, sparsely punctate centrally, notaulus distinct to anterior third, scuto-scutellar groove quite smooth; scutellum fi nely and more sparsely punctate, without lateral carina, quite fl at in profi le; propodeum typical of ge nus, gently and evenly rounded in profi le with median areas fused, carination distinct but weak, densely punctate with punctation obsolescent in mid-basal area.
LEGS. Fore and mid tibiae with short and rather dense bristles along anterior faces, bristle sockets large and cupular.
COLOUR. Antennae black with a whitish median ring; head mostly reddish-brown with frons, vertex and occiput black; mesosoma black with reddish-brown markings on: dorsal and ventral margins of pronotum, subtegular ridge, centre of mesoscutum, mid-longitudinal band on mesopleuron, scutellum, postero-ventral part of metapleuron, centre of metanotum and posterior corners of propodeum; metasoma uniformly reddish-brown, petiole dorsally darker; legs reddish-brown but hind coxa largely black marked; wings barely infumate, venation testaceous to black.

Male
Unknown.

Discussion
The M-shaped ca rina on the frons easily separates the two closely related species, G. rhinoceros and G. fi lipazzii sp. nov., from the other species. The newly described species can be differentiated from G. rhinoceros by the slightly truncate apical margin of the clypeus (evenly rounded in G. rhinoceros) and the punctation on the lateral part of tergite 1 (puncto-striate in G. rhinoceros). The overall colouration of the two species is different, although it may have been altered by the preservation condition of the specimens: G. rhinoceros is bright red with yellow markings while the holotype of G. fi lipazzii sp. nov. is black interspersed with reddish-brown markings. Several other minor differential characters are also worth mentioning: the sculpture on the ventral lobe of the metapleuron (smooth and shining in G. fi lipazzii sp. nov., striate in G. rhinoceros), the different orientation of striation on the pronotum, and the different sculpture of the mesopleural groove (smooth in G. fi lipazzii sp. nov., punctate in G. rhinoceros).
The new species provides the fi rst record of the genus for Guinea, expanding the distribution of Genaemirum to West Africa (Table 1, Fig. 15). The label lacks detailed collection data so we cannot provide any further biological nor ecological information.  Table 1. Distribution of the genus Genaemirum (Tosquinet 1896;Heinrich 1967;Rousse et al. 2016).