Mysterious chokeberries: new data on the diversity and phylogeny of Aronia Medik. (Rosaceae)
Abstract
Aronia Medik. (chokeberry, Rosaceae) is a genus of woody shrubs with two or three North American species. Species boundaries and relationships between species of Aronia are frequently under question. The only European species in the genus, A. mitschurinii A.K.Skvortsov & Maitul., is suggested to be an inter-generic hybrid. In order to clarify the relationships between species of Aronia, we performed several morphometric and molecular analyses and found that the molecular and morphological diversity within data on American Aronia is low, and species boundaries are mostly not clearly expressed. Whereas morphology is able to separate American species from A. mitschurinii, there is no support for such discrimination from the molecular data; our analyses did not reveal evidence of A. mitschurinii hybrid origin. We believe that higher-resolution markers are needed to resolve species boundaries and putative hybridization events.
References
Adams D.C. & Otarola-Castillo E. 2013. geomorph: an R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4: 393–399.
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12035
Brand M.H. 2010. Aronia: native shrubs with untapped potential. Arnoldia 67: 14–25.
Burgess M.B., Cushman K.R., Doucette E.T., Frye C.T. & Campbell C.S. 2015. Understanding diploid diversity: A first step in unraveling polyploid, apomictic complexity in Amelanchier. American Journal of Botany 102: 2041–2057. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500330
Campbell C.S., Evans R.C., Morgan D.R., Dickinson T.A. & Arsenault M.P. 2007. Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history. Plant Systematics and Evolution 266: 119–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y
Connolly B.A. 2009. × Sorbaronia fallax (Rosaceae): A new record of an intergeneric hybrid in Connecticut. Rhodora 111: 123–125. https://doi.org/10.3119/08-23.1
Connolly B.A. 2014. Collection, description, taxonomic relationships, fruit biochemistry, and utilization of Aronia melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia, A. prunifolia, and A. mitschurinii. PhD thesis. Paper 342. University of Connecticut.
Dluzewska J., Slesak I. & Kruk J. 2013. Molecular analysis of Sorbus sp. from the Pieniny Mts. and its relation to other Sorbus species. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 55: 86–92.
https://doi.org/10.2478/abcsb-2013-0009
Guo W., Yu Y., Shen R.J., Liao W.B., Chin S.W. & Potter D. 2011. A phylogeny of Photinia sensu lato (Rosaceae) and related genera based on nrITS and cpDNA analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 291: 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0368-0
Hardin J.W. 1973. The enigmatic chokeberries. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100: 178–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/2484630
Kask K. 1987. Large-fruited black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). Fruit Varieties Journal 41: 47.
Kuzmina M. & Ivanova N. 2011. Primer sets for plants and fungi. Available from:
http://ccdb.ca/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CCDB_PrimerSets-Plants.pdf [accessed 19 Jun. 2019].
Larsson A. 2014. AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Leonard P.J. 2011. Aronia mitschurinii: solving a horticultural enigma. MA thesis. Paper 183. University of Connecticut.
Leonard P.J., Brand M.H., Connolly B.A. & Obae S.G. 2013. Investigation of the origin of Aronia mitschurinii using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. HortScience 48: 520–524.
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.48.5.520
Li Q.Y., Guo W., Liao W.B., Macklin J.A. & Li J.H. 2012. Generic limits of Pyrinae: insights from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Botanical Studies 53: 151–164.
Li M., Ohi-Toma T., Gao Y.D., Xu B., Zhu Z.M., Ju W.B. & Gao X.F. 2017. Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 111: 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.018
Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 477. Holmiae.
Lo E.Y. & Donoghue M.J. 2012. Expanded phylogenetic and dating analyses of the apples and their relatives (Pyreae, Rosaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63: 230–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.005
Lo E.Y., Stefanović S. & Dickinson T.A. 2007. Molecular reappraisal of relationships between Crataegus and Mespilus (Rosaceae, Pyreae) – two genera or one? Systematic Botany 32: 596–616.
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407782250562
Maaten L. van der & Hinton G. 2008. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research 9: 2579–2605.
Medikus F.K. 1789. Philosophische Botanik mit kritischen Bemerkungen: 140. Mannheim.
Oh S.H. & Potter D. 2003. Phylogenetic utility of the second intron of LEAFY in Neillia and Stephanandra (Rosaceae) and implications for the origin of Stephanandra. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00093-9
Paradis E., Claude J. & Strimmer K. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20: 289–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412
Pelser P.B., Gravendeel B. & Meijden R van der. 2003. Phylogeny reconstruction in the gap between too little and too much divergence: the closest relatives of Senecio jacobaea (Asteraceae) according to DNA sequences and AFLPs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 613–628.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00139-8
Persson Hovmalm H.A., Jeppsson N., Bartish I.V. & Nybom H. 2004. RAPD analysis of diploid and tetraploid populations of Aronia points to different reproductive strategies within the genus. Hereditas 141: 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2004.01772.x
R Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from http://www.R-project.org/ [accessed 1 Jan. 2018].
Robertson K.R., Phipps J.B., Rohrer J.R. & Smith P.G. 1991. A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). Systematic Botany 16: 376–394. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419287
Rohlf F.J. 2010. tpsDig. Version 2.16. State University at Stony Brook, N.Y.
Available from http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph [accessed 20 Feb. 2014].
Schliep K.P. 2011. phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27: 592–593.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706
Schneider C.K. 1906. Species varietatesque Pomacearum novae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 134.
Scrucca L., Fop M., Murphy T.B. & Raftery A.E. 2016. mclust 5: clustering, classification and density estimation using Gaussian finite mixture models. The R Journal 8: 205–233.
Sennikov A.N. & Phipps J.B. 2013. Atlas Florae Europaeae notes, 19–22. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic adjustments in some native and introduced species of Malinae (Rosaceae) in Europe. Willdenowia 43: 33–44. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.43.43104
Shipunov A. & Bateman R. 2005. Geometric morphometrics as a tool for understanding Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) diversity in European Russia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00468.x
Shipunov A., Fay M.F., Pillon Y., Bateman R.M. & Chase M.W. 2004. Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: combined molecular and morphological analysis. American Journal of Botany 91: 1419–1427. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.9.1419
Skvortsov A.K. & Majtulina J.K. 1982. On the diferences of cultivated black-fruited Aronia from its wild ancestors. Bulletin of Main Botanical Garden 126: 35–40. [In Russian.]
Skvortsov A.K., Majtulina J.K. & Gorbunov J.N. 1983. On the place, time and putative way of the cultivated black-fruited Aronia origin. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. Biological Series 88: 88–96. [In Russian.]
Smolik M., Ochmian I. & Smolik B. 2011. RAPD and ISSR methods used for fingerprinting selected, closely related cultivars of Aronia melanocarpa. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39: 276–284. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3926268
Sun J., Shi S., Li J., Yu J., Wang L., Yang X., Guo L. & Zhou S. 2018. Phylogeny of Maleae (Rosaceae) based on multiple chloroplast regions: implications to genera circumscription. BioMed Research International 2018: 7627191. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7627191
Taheri R., Connolly B.A., Brand M.H. & Bolling B.W. 2013. Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61: 8581–8588. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402449q
Thompson J.D., Gibson T.J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F. & Higgins D.G. 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25 (24): 4876–4882. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
Vinogradova Y.K. & Kuklina A.G. 2014. Aronia mitschurinii: from Origination to Naturalization. GEOS, Moscow. [In Russian.]
Volkova P., Kasatskaya S., Boiko A. & Shipunov A. 2011. Stability of leaf form and size during specimen preparation of herbarium specimens. Feddes Repertorium 121: 219–225.
https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.201000021
Zarrei M., Stefanovic S. & Dickinson T.A. 2014. Reticulate evolution in North American black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus section Douglasia; Rosaceae): evidence from nuclear ITS2 and plastid sequences. Annals of Botany 114: 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu116
Zelditch M.L., Swiderski D.L. & Sheets H.D. 2012. Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer. Academic Press.
Copyright (c) 2019 Alexey Shipunov, Sofia Gladkova, Polina Timoshina, Hye Ji Lee, Jinhee Choi, Sarah Despiegelaere, Bryan Connolly
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.