Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

  • Stephan M. Blank Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Müncheberg
  • Katja Kramp Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Müncheberg
  • David R. Smith Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013-7012
  • Yuri N. Sundikov State Nature Reserve “Kurilskiy”, Zarechnaya str. 5, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Sakhalinskaya oblast, 694500
  • Meicai Wei Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410004
  • Akihiko Shinohara Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.348
Keywords: key, new species, distribution, larval hostplants, COI barcoding

Abstract

Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898 comprises 13 species, four of which are described as new and one is removed from synonymy: Megaxyela euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Zheijang), M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), M. inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov. from the USA (West Virginia), M. langstoni Ross, 1936 sp. rev. from the eastern USA, and M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. from China (Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Tibet), South Korea (Kangwon-do) and Russia (Primorskiy Kray). The male of M. parki Shinohara, 1992 is described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909. A cladogram, based on COI sequences of seven species, is presented and interpreted in view of selected morphological characters. Records of M. fulvago sp. nov. from Hunan and of M. pulchra sp. nov. from Tibet extend the known distribution of Megaxyela in the Old World 600 kilometers farther south and 2500 kilometers farther west than previous records.

References

Barbier Y. & Rasmont P. 1996. Carto Fauna-Flora (CFF) version 1.2. Université de Mons-Hainaut, Mons.

Benson R.B. 1945. Classification of the Xyelidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B: Taxonomy 14: 34–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1945.tb00013.x

Blank S.M. 2002. The western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A Review of the Suborder, the Western Palaearctic Taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea: 197–233. Tremex, Helsinki.

Blank S.M. & Schönitzer K. 1994. Sensillenverteilung auf den äuβeren Genitalien einiger Blattwespen-Weibchen (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie 9: 251–255.

Blank S.M., Kramp K. & Shinohara A. 2017. Xyela fusca spec. nov. from Japan elucidates East Asian–North American relationships of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Zootaxa 4303 (1): 103–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.1.6

Blank S.M., Shinohara A. & Altenhofer E. 2013. The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution. Zootaxa 3629 (1): 1–106. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1

Blank S.M., Shinohara A. & Byun B.-K. 2005. The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution 36: 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631205788838393

Bridwell J.C. 1906. A second species of the hymenopterous genus Odontophyes Konow (Xyelidae). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17 (3): 94.

Brues C.T. 1908. New phytophagous Hymenoptera from the Tertiary of Florissant, Colorado. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 51: 259–276.

Burdick D.J. 1961. A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 17: 285–355.

Cresson E.T. 1880. Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 8: 1–52.

Cresson E.T. 1916. The Cresson types of Hymenoptera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 1: 1–141.

Cresswell S. 2014. April Unknown – Megaxyela tricolor. Available from BugGuide, http://bugguide.net/node/view/908657 [accessed 20 Jul. 2016].

Darriba D., Taboada G.L., Doallo R. & Posada D. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109

Dyar H.G. 1898a. Description of an unusual sawfly-larva belonging to the Xyelinae. Psyche 8: 212–214 [May 1898].

Dyar H.G. 1898b. Notes on some sawfly larvae, especially the Xyelidae. Canadian Entomologist 30: 173–176 [July 1898]. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent30173-7

Hadley A. 2010. CombineZP, Image Stacking Software.

Hall T.A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.

Harris R.A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1–31.

Huber J.T. & Sharkey M.J. 1993. Structure. In: Goulet H. & Huber J.T. (eds) Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families: 13–59. Agriculture Canada, Publication 1894/E, Ottawa. Available from http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmonographs/hymenoptera_of_the_world.pdf [accessed 10 Aug. 2017].

Jukes T.H. & Cantor C.R. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro H.N. (ed.) Mammalian Protein Metabolism: 21–132. Academic Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7

Kearse M., Moir R., Wilson A., Stones-Havas S., Cheung M., Sturrock S., Buxton S., Cooper A., Markowitz S., Duran C., Thierer T., Ashton B., Meintjes P. & Drummond A.J. 2012. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28: 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199

Kim C.-J, Lelej A.S., Park B. & Lee J.-W. 2016. Review of the family Proctorenyxidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea), with description of new species from South Korea. Zootaxa 4103 (1): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.1.12

Ko J.-H. 1969. A List of Forest Insect Pests in Korea. Forest Research Institute, Seoul.

Konow F.W. 1899. Ueber einige neue Chalastogastra. Wiener entomologische Zeitung 18: 41–46.

Kopylov D.S. 2014. New sawflies of the subfamily Madygellinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Kyrgyzstan. Paleontological Journal 48: 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030114060070

Krasilov V.A. & Rasnitsyn A.P. 1982. Unikal’naja nahodka: pyl’ca v kishechnike rannemelovyh pilil’shhikov. [A unique find: Pollen in the intestine of early Cretaceous sawflies.] Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal [1982] (4): 83–96. [In Russian.]

Kumar S., Stecher G. & Tamura K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 (7): 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

Lara M.B., Rasnitsyn A.P. & Zavattieri A.M. 2014. Potrerilloxyela menendezi gen. et sp. nov. from the Late Triassic of Argentina: the oldest representative of Xyelidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) for Americas. Paleontological Journal 48: 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030114020075

Lelej A.S. (ed.) 2012. Annotirovannyj katalog nasekomyh Dal’nego Vostoka Rossii. Tom I. Pereponchatokrylye. [Annotated Catalogue of the Insects of the Russian Far East. Volume I. Hymenoptera.] Dal’nauka, Vladivostok. [In Russian, abstract in English.]

Lelej A.S. & Taeger A. 2007. Nadsem. Xyeloidea. 1. Sem. Xyelidae – Ksielidy. [Superfam. Xyeloidea. 1. Fam. Xyelidae.] In: Lelej A.S. (ed.) Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Dal’nego Vostoka Rossii. [Key to the Insects of the Russian Far East.] Tom. IV. Setchatokryloobraznye, skorpionnicy, pereponchatokrylye. [Neuropteroidea, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera.] Ch. 5: 922. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok. [In Russian.]

Lu A., Stone D.E. & Grauke L.J. 1999. Juglandaceae. Flora of China 4: 277–285. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/JUGLANDACEAE.published.pdf, online version http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10460 [accessed 1 Oct. 2016].

Maa T. 1949. A synopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Megalodontoidea (Hymenoptera). Chinese Journal of Zoology 3: 30–42.

MacGillivray A.D. 1912. New genera and species of Xyelidae and Lydidae. Canadian Entomologist 44: 294–299. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent44294-10

Manchester S.R. 1987. The fossil history of the Juglandaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 21: [1–6], 1–137.

Microsoft Research 2015. Microsoft Image Composite Editor (ICE), version 2.0.3. Available from http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/projects/ice/ [accessed 13 Jul. 2017].

Mocsáry A. 1909. Chalastogastra nova in collectione musei nationalis Hungarici. Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 7: 1–39.

Naito T., Yoshida H., Nakamine H., Morita T., Ikeda T., Suzuki H. & Nakanishi A. 2004. [Species Diversity of Sawflies in Hyogo Prefecture, Central Japan.] Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Monograph of Natural History and Environmental Science (1): 1–2 + pls 1–10 + 1–85. [In Japanese.]

Norton E. 1862. Notice of several new species of Tenthredinidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 1[1861–1863] (5): 143–144.

Prous M., Vikberg V., Liston A.D. & Kramp K. 2016. North-Western Palaearctic species of the Pristiphora ruficornis group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 1–54. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9162

Rasnitsyn A.P. 1966. Novye Xyelidae (Hymenoptera) iz mezozoja Asii. [New Xyelidae (Hymenoptera) from the Mesozoic of Asia.] Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal [1966] (4): 69–85. [In Russian.]

Rasnitsyn A.P. 2008. Hymenopterous insects (Insecta: Vespida) in the Upper Jurassic deposits of Shar Teg, SW Mongolia. Russian Entomological Journal 17: 299–310.

Ree B. 2012. Insects. Texas Pecan Pest Management Newsletter 12 (1): [1–3].

Ree B. 2014. Sawfly. Texas Pecan Pest Management Newsletter 14 (2): [1–3].

Ree B. 2016: Insects. Texas Pecan Pest Management Newsletter 16 (2): [1–3]. Available from http://presidio.agrilife.org/files/2011/08/Texas-Pecan-Pest-Management-Newsletter-March-31-2016.pdf [accessed 13 Jul. 2017].

Rohwer S.A. 1924. A new sawfly of the family Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington 26: 215.

Ross H.H. 1932. The hymenopterous family Xyelidæ in North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 25: 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/25.1.153

Ross H.H. 1936. A new pecan sawfly, Megaxyela langstoni n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Entomological News 47: 131–132.

Ross H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois Biological Monographs 15: 1–173. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50339

Saito K. 1941. [A dendro-entomological contribution.] Bulletin of the Agricultural and Forestry College Suigen (Suwon) (6): 1–235. [In Japanese.]

Sato K. 1930. A new species of the genus Megaxyela Ashmead from Korea (Hymenoptera; Tenthredinidae). Journal of Chosen Natural History Society 3: 4–5.

Schmidt S., Taeger A., Morinière J., Liston A., Blank S.M., Kramp K., Kraus M., Schmidt O., Heibo E., Prous M., Nyman T., Malm T. & Stahlhut J. 2017. Identification of sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, ‘Symphyta’) through DNA barcodes: successes and caveats. Molecular Ecology Resource 17: 670–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12614

Schulz W.A. 1906. Strandgut. Spolia Hymenopterologica [1906]: 76–269.

Shinohara A. 1992. The sawfly genus Megaxyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology 60: 783–796.

Shinohara A. 1995. The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology 63: 825–840.

Shinohara A. 2006. New collection records of Megaxyela togashii (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae), a rare sawfly from Honshu and Shikoku, Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology 12: 157–158.

Shinohara A. 2016. The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of Japan: P. itoi n. sp. and a key to species. Zootaxa 4121: 495–500. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4121.4.9

Shinohara A. & Smith D.R. 1979. The Sato types of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A, Zoology 5: 281–288.

Shinohara A., Hara H., Kramp K., Blank S.M. & Kameda Y. 2017. Bird droppings on chestnut leaves or sawfly larvae? DNA barcodes verify the occurrence of the archaic Megaxyela togashii (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in Hokkaido, Japan. Zootaxa 4221: 220–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4221.2.6

Smith D.R. 1967. A review of the larvae of Xyelidae, with notes on the family classification (Hymeno-ptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 60: 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.2.376

Smith D.R. 1978. Suborder Symphyta. (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: Van der Vecht J. & Shenefelt R.D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio)14. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

Smith D.R. 1979. Suborder Symphyta. In: Krombein K.V., Hurd Jr. P.D., Smith D.R. & Burks B.D. (eds) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Volume 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica): 3–137. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Smith D.R. & Schiff N.M. 1998. The genera Macroxyela Kirby and Megaxyela Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100: 636–657.

Smith D.R., Ohmart C.P. & Dahlsten D.L. 1977. The fir shoot-boring sawflies of the genus Pleroneura in North America (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70: 761–767. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/70.5.761

Smith E.L. 1968. Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. I. Stem-galling Euura of the California region, and a new female genitalic nomenclature. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61: 1389–1407. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/61.6.1389

Sundukov Yu.N. 2009. Podotrjad Symphyta – Sidjachebrjuhie. [Suborder Symphyta – Sawflies.]. In: Storozhenko S.Yu., Sundukov Yu.N., Lelej A.S., Sidorenko V.S., Proshchalykin M.Yu. & Kupianskaya A.N. (eds) Nasekomye Lazovskogo zapovednika. [Insects of Lazovsky Nature Reserve.]: 212–220. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok. [In Russian.]

Taeger A., Blank S.M. & Liston A.D. 2010. World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 2580: 1–1064.

Takeuchi K. 1937. [Megaxyela gigantea Mocsary found in Honshu, Japan.] (In Japanese.) Akitu 1: 25.

Takeuchi K. 1938. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (I). Tenthredo 2: 173–229.

Takeuchi K. 1940. Chinese sawflies and woodwasps in the collection of the Musée Heude in Shanghai. Notes d’Entomologie Chinoise 7: 463–486.

Takeuchi K. 1949. A list of the food-plants of Japanese sawflies. Transactions of the Kansai Entomological Society 14: 47–50.

Tanaka K. 1999. [Several species of sawflies from Yamaguchi Prefecture.] Kita-Kyushu no Konchu 46: 57–58. [In Japanese.]

The Plant List 2013. Version 1.1. (online). Available from http://www.theplantlist.org/ [accessed 14. Jul. 2016].

Togashi I. 1965. [On the female of Megaxyela gigantea Mocsáry.] Kontyû 33: 235–236. [In Japanese.]

Viitasaari M. 2002. The suborder Symphyta of the Hymenoptera. In: Viitasaari M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A Review of the Suborder, the Western Palaearctic Taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea: 11–174. Tremex, Helsinki.

Watanabe A. 1992. [Megaxyela gigantea collected in Okayama Prefecture.] Suzumushi (127): 8. [In Japanese.]

Weltz C.-E. & Vilhelmsen L. 2014. The saws of sawflies: exploring the morphology of the ovipositor in Tenthredinoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Nematinae. Journal of Natural History 48: 133–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791941

Xiao G.-R. 2006. Suborder Chalastogastra (Symphyta). In: Hua L.-Z. (ed.) List of Chinese Insects. Vol. IV: 187–200 + 331–335. Sun Yat-sen University Press, Guangzhou.

Yamada M. 2000. [Ten species of Symphyta newly recorded from Aomori Prefecture.] Journal of the Natural History of Aomori (5): 53–54. [In Japanese.]

Yuasa H. 1922. A classification of the larvae of the Tenthredinoidea. Illinois Biological Monographs 7 (4): 1–172.

Zhang J. 1989. [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China.] Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan. [In Chinese, abstract in English.]

Zhang H. & Zhang J. 2000. Xyelid sawflies (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Upper Jurassic Yixian formation of Western Liaoning, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 39: 476–492.

Zhelochovtsev A.N. & Rasnitsyn A.P. 1972. On some Tertiary sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from Colorado. Psyche 79: 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1155/1972/63630

Zhelochovtsev A.N. & Zinovjev A.G. 1995. Spisok pilil’shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel’nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Territories. I.] Entomologitcheskoe obozrenie 74: 395–415. [In Russian, abstract in English.]

Published
2017-09-05
How to Cite
Blank, S. M., Kramp, K., Smith, D. R., Sundikov, Y. N., Wei, M., & Shinohara, A. (2017). Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy, (348). https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.348
Issue
No. 348 (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America
Section
Entomology
Copyright (c) 2017 Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundikov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara

Creative Commons Copyright Notices

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are NOT PERMITTED to post their submitted work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on personal websites) prior to publication, as it may lead to nomenclatural issues.