Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group

  • Martin V. Sørensen Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-0276
  • Freya E. Goetz Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
  • María Herranz Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Cheon Young Chang Department of Biological Science, College of Natural and Life Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
  • Tapas Chatterjee Crescent International School, Bario, Govindpur, Dhanbad 828109, Jharkhand, India
  • Furkan Durucan Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
  • Ricardo C. Neves Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
  • N. Özlem Yildiz Silifke Vocational School Aquaculture Program, Mersin University, 33940 Mersin, Turkey
  • Jon Norenburg Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
  • Hiroshi Yamasaki Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Keywords: Echinoderidae, kinorhynchs, meiofauna, taxonomy

Abstract

Thirteen species of Echinoderes with nearly identical spine/tube patterns, and apparently similar tergal extensions were re-examined and compared. Based on this, redescriptions and/or emended species diagnoses are provided for Echinoderes aureus, E. dujardinii, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. pacificus, E. pilosus, E. sensibilis, E. sublicarum and E. worthingi, and new details about cuticular structures are added for E. kozloffi and E. gizoensis. The new information derived from the redescriptions, and the subsequent comparative studies revealed that: 1) the holotype of Echinoderes lanceolatus is identical with the types of Echinoderes aureus, and E. lanceolatus is thus a junior synonym of E. aureus; other potentially synonymous species that should be addressed further in the future include: E. dujardinii + E. gerardi; E. imperforatus + E. sensibilis, and E. pacificus + E. sublicarum; 2) the paratypes of E. lanceolatus represented a different yet undescribed species, here described as E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov.; 3) a comparison with literature information about E. ehlersi showed that the species is so insufficiently described that a redescription of topotype material is required before the species should be considered for taxonomic comparison; 4) specimens from the Andaman Islands, India, that previously have been reported as Echinoderes cf. ehlersi represent two different undescribed species, of which one is described as E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov. and the other is left undescribed due to the limited material available; 5) out of a total of fifteen addressed species, it is proposed that eleven represent a putatively monophyletic group that is named the Echinoderes dujardinii group. The group includes following species: E. dujardinii, E. ehlersi, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. kozloffi, E. sensibilis, E. pacificus, E. sublicarum, E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov., E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov., and Echinoderes sp. from the Andaman Islands, and is supported by a similar spine/tube pattern (except for variation regarding the presence of lateral accessory tubes on segment 8); generally short middorsal spines, especially on segments 4 to 6; glandular cell outlets type 1 always present in middorsal positions on segments 1 to 3, and in subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9; glandular cell outlets type 2 always present in laterodorsal or midlateral positions on segment 8, and sometimes in same positions on segment 9 but never at any other segments or positions; female papillae always present on sternal plates of segments 7 and 8, and occasionally also on segment 6; tergal extensions well-spaced, triangular, gradually tapered cones, and pectinate fringes of sternal extensions are differentiated into seta-like tufts. The comparisons furthermore showed potential taxonomic significance of two echinoderid character traits that previously have been slightly neglected as diagnostic traits, namely the presence and appearance of female papillae, and the dorsal pattern of glandular cell outlets type 1. Female papillae may occur on the sternal plates of segments 6 to 8, but the positions may differ from ventrolateral to ventromedial, and the morphology of the intracuticular substructure also differ at species level. Information about position and morphology of female papillae proved helpful for species recognition, but it might also provide information of phylogenetic importance. Analyses of glandular cell outlet type 1 patterns on the dorsal sides of segments 1 to 9 in species of Echinoderidae, revealed several apparently unique or rare patterns, but also three distinct patterns that applied to larger groups of species. One pattern is the one present in all species of the E. dujardinii group, whereas the other two common patterns included 1) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4 to 9 (found in 27 species), and 2) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, 5 and 7, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4, 6 and 8 to 9 (found in 27 species)

References

Adrianov A.V. & Malakhov V.V. 1999. Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow.

Adrianov A.V., Murakami C. & Shirayama Y. 2002a. Echinoderes aureus n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu) – first representative of the genus in the Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115: 205–216.

Adrianov A.V., Murakami C. & Shirayama Y. 2002b. Taxonomic study of the Kinorhyncha in Japan. III. Echinoderes sensibilis n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay. Zoological Science 19: 463–473. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.19.463

Cepeda D., Pardos F. & Sánchez N. 2019a. Kinorhyncha from the Caribbean, with the description of two new species from Puerto Rico and Barbados. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.014

Cepeda D., Álvarez-Castillo L., Hermoso-Salazar M., Sánchez N., Gómez S. & Pardos F. 2019b. Four new species of Kinorhyncha from the Gulf of California, eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.011

Cepeda D., Sánchez N. & Pardos F. 2019c. First extensive account of the phylum Kinorhyncha from Haiti and the Dominican Republic (Caribbean Sea), with the description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity 49: 2281–2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00963-x

Cepeda D., Pardos F., Zeppilli D. & Sánchez N. 2020. Dragons of the deep sea: Kinorhyncha communities in a pockmark field at Mozambique Channel, with the description of three new species. Frontiers in Marine Science 7: e665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00665

Chang C.Y. & Song Y. H. 2002. Echinoderes lanceolatus, a new kinorhynch from Korea (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 18: 203–211.

Chatterjee T. 2019. A review note on studies of Kinorhyncha from India. Cahiers de Biologie marine 60: 183–188. https://doi.org/10.21411/CBM.A.57675B01

Chitwood B.G. 1951. Echinoderella steineri new species (Scolecida, Echinodera). The Texas Journal of Science 1: 113–114.

Claparède A.R.E. 1863. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Echinoderes Duj. In: Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angestellt: 90–92, 119. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10030

Dal Zotto M. & Todaro A. 2016. Kinorhyncha from Italy, a revision of the current checklist and an account of the recent investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.01.004

Di Domenico M. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. Fifth International Scalidophora Workshop. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.002

Dujardin F. 1851. Sur un petit animal marin, l’Echinodère, formant un type intermédiaire entre les Crustacés et les Vers. Annales des Sciences naturelles Zoologie 15 : 158–173.

Dunn C.W., Hejnol A., Matus D.Q., Pang K., Browne W.E., Smith S.A., Seaver E., Rouse G.W., Obst M., Edgecombe G.D., Sørensen M.V., Haddock S.H.D., Schmidt-Rhaesa A., Okusu A., Kristensen R.M.,Wheeler W.C., Martindale M.Q. & Giribet G. 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452: 745–749. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06614

Grzelak K. & Sørensen M.V. 2018. New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Spitsbergen, with additional information about known Arctic species. Marine Biology Research 14: 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367096

Grzelak K. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. Diversity and distribution of Arctic Echinoderes species (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the description of one new species and a redescription of E. arlis Higgins, 1966. Marine Biodiversity 49: 1131–1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0889-2

Herranz M. & Leander B. 2016. Redescription of Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki and Kajihara, 2012 and E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977 from the northeastern Pacific coast, including the first report of a potential invasive species of kinorhynch. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.02.004

Herranz M. & Pardos F. 2013. Fissuroderes sorenseni sp. nov. and Meristoderes boylei sp. nov.: first Atlantic recording of two rare kinorhynch genera, with new identification keys. Zoologischer Anzeiger 253: 93–111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2013.09.005

Herranz M., Thormar J., Benito J., Sánchez N. & Pardos F. 2012. Meristoderes gen. nov., a new kinorhynch genus, with the description of two new species and their implications for echinoderid phylogeny (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 251: 191–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2011.08.004

Herranz M., Sánchez N., Pardos F. & Higgins R.P. 2014. New Kinorhyncha from Florida coastal waters. Helgoland Marine Research 68: 59–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-013-0369-9

Herranz M., Yangel E. & Leander B. 2018. Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: a new mud dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean with the redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960. Marine Biodiversity 48: 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0726-z

Herranz M., Di Domenico M., Sørensen M.V. & Leander B. 2019. The enigmatic kinorhynch Cateria styx Gerlach, 1956 – A sticky son of a beach. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 10–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.016

Higgins R.P. 1977a. Redescription of Echinoderes dujardinii (Kinorhyncha) with descriptions of closely related species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 248: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.248

Higgins R.P. 1977b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225864

Higgins R.P. 1978. Echinoderes gerardi n. sp. and E. riedli (Kinorhyncha) from the Gulf of Tunis. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 97: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225589

Higgins R.P. 1982. Three new species of Kinorhyncha from Bermuda. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 101: 305–316. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225748

Higgins R.P. 1983. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II. Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 18: 1–131. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.18.1

Higgins R.P. 1985. The genus Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from the English Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65: 785–800. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400052590

Higgins R.P. 1986. Redescription of Echinoderes pilosus (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 99: 399–405. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/45462#/summary [accessed 27 Nov. 2020].

Higgins R.P. 1988. Kinorhyncha. In: Higgins R.P. & Thiel H. (eds) Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna: 328–331. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Higgins R.P. & Kristensen R.M. 1988. Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 458: 1–56. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.458

Higgins R.P. & Rao G.C. 1979. Kinorhynchs from the Andaman Islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01106.x

Huys R. & Coomans A. 1989. Echinoderes higginsi sp. n. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from the southern North Sea with a key to the genus Echinoderes Claparède. Zoologica Scripta 18: 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00446.x

Kozloff E.N. 1972. Some aspects of development in Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 91: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225404

Landers S.C. & Sørensen M.V. 2018. Echinoderes sylviae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida), from the Gulf of Mexico, with comparative notes on a similar species Echinoderes spinifurca. Bulletin of Marine Science 94: 1499–1514. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1167

Lang K. 1949. Echinoderida. In: Odhner N.H. (ed.) Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903, Vol. 4: 1–22. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm.

Mari M. & Morselli I. 1987. Acari (Alacaridi ed Idracnelle) e Chinorinchi nella spugna Hymeniacidon sanguinea (Grant) della Laguna Veneta. Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti e Matematici de Modena 118: 115–117.

Neuhaus B. 2013. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Handbook of Zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Vol. 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera: 181–348. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Neuhaus B. & Blasche T. 2006. Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger 245: 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.03.003

Neuhaus B. & Kegel A. 2015. Redescription of Cateria gerlachi (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Sri Lanka and of C. styx from Brazil, with notes on C. gerlachi from India and C. styx from Chile, and the ground pattern of the genus. Zootaxa 3965: 1–77. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3965.1.1

Pardos F., Higgins R.P. & Benito J. 1998. Two new Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) including a reevaluation of kinorhynch taxonomic characters. Zoologischer Anzeiger 237: 195–208.

Pardos F., Herranz M. & Sánchez N. 2016a. Two sides of a coin: the phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. I) Caribbean Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.005

Pardos F., Herranz M. & Sánchez N. 2016b. Two sides of a coin: the phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. II) Pacific Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.006

Randsø P.V., Yamasaki H., Bownes S.J., Herranz M., Di Domenico M., Qii G.B. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. Phylogeny of the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) – a cosmopolitan species group trapped in the intertidal. Invertebrate Systematics 33: 501–517. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18069

Sánchez N., Herranz M., Benito J. & Pardos F. 2012. Kinorhyncha from the Iberian Peninsula: new data from the first intensive sampling campaigns. Zootaxa 3402: 24–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3402.1.2

Sánchez N., Pardos F. & Martínez Arbizu P. 2019. Deep-sea Kinorhyncha diversity from the polymetallic nodule fields at the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.007

Sánchez-Tocino L., Tierno de Figueroa J.M., López-Rodríguez M.J. & Liébanas G. 2011. First record of Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) in Iberian Peninsula coastal waters. Zoologica Baetica 22: 179–184.

Schmidt P. 1974. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. 10. Kinorhyncha. Microfauna des Meeresbodens 43: 1–15.

Sönmez S., Köroğlu N.Ö. & Karaytuğ S. 2016. First record of Family Echinoderidae Zelinka, 1894 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Turkish marine waters. Biharean Biologist 10: 8–11.

Sørensen M.V. 2008. A new kinorhynch genus from the Antarctic deep sea and a new species of Cephalorhyncha from Hawaii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae). Organism Diversity & Evolution 8: 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2007.11.003

Sørensen M.V. 2014. First account of echinoderid kinorhynchs from Brazil, with the description of three new species. Marine Biodiversity 44: 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0181-4

Sørensen M.V. 2018. Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities. European Journal of Taxonomy 436: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.436

Sørensen M.V. & Landers S.C. 2014. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Frontiers in Marine Science 1, article 8: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00008

Sørensen M.V. & Pardos F. 2020. Kinorhyncha. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Guide to the Identification of Marine Meiofauna: 391–414. Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.

Sørensen M.V., Jørgensen A. & Boesgaard T.M. 2000. A new Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from a submarine cave in New South Wales, Australia. Cahiers de Biologie marine 41: 167–179.

Sørensen M.V., Heiner I. & Ziemer O. 2005. A new species of Echinoderes from Florida (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118: 499–508. Available from https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/3634?show=full [accessed 27 Nov. 2020].

Sørensen M.V., Rho H.S., Min W., Kim D. & Chang CY. 2012. An exploration of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Korean and neighboring waters, with the description of four new species and a redescription of E. tchefouensis Lou, 1934. Zootaxa 3368: 161–196. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.8

Sørensen M.V., Rho H.S., Min W., Kim D. & Chang CY. 2013. Occurrence of the newly described kinorhynch genus Meristoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) in Korea, with the description of four new species. Helgoland Marine Research 67: 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-012-0323-2

Sørensen M.V., Herranz M. & Landers S.C. 2016. A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a redescription Echinoderes bookhouti Higgins, 1964. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.004

Sørensen M.V., Rohal M. & Thistle D. 2018. Deep-sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 456: 1–75. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.456

Thormar J. & Sørensen M.V. 2010. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Solomon Islands. Meiofauna Marina 18: 67–96.

Ürkmez D., Pardos F., Sezgin M., Karaçuha M.E. & Öksüz I. 2016. Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): a new record for the kinorhynch fauna of Turkey. Ecologica Montenegrina 6: 1–8.

Varney R.M., Funch P., Kocot K.M. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. A new species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA, and insights into the kinorhynch transcriptome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 828: 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.003

Yamasaki H. 2016. Two new Echinoderes species (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Nha Trang, Vietnam. Zoological Studies 55: e32. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2016.55-32

Yamasaki H. 2017. Chapter 21. Diversity of Kinorhyncha in Japan and phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. In: Motokawa M. & Kajihara H. (eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals: 543–563. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_21

Yamasaki H. & Dal Zotto M. 2019. Investigation of echinoderid kinorhynchs described 90 years ago: redescription of Echinoderes capitatus (Zelinka, 1928) and Echinoderes ferrugineus Zelinka, 1928. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.013

Yamasaki H. & Durucan F. 2018. Echinoderes antalyaensis sp. nov. (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from Antalya, Turkey, Levantine Sea, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Species Diversity 23: 193–207. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.23.193

Yamasaki H. & Fujimoto S. 2014. Two new species in the Echinoderes coulli group (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. ZooKeys 382: 27–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.382.6761

Yamasaki H. & Kajihara H. 2012. A new brackish-water species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Species Diversity 17: 109–118. https://doi.org/10.12782/sd.17.1.109

Yamasaki H., Hiruta S.F., Kajihara H. & Dick M.H. 2014. Two kinorhynch species (Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae, Echinoderes) show different distribution patterns across Tsugaru Strait, Northern Japan. Zoological Science 31: 421–429. https://doi.org/10.2108/zs140011

Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2018a. New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorha-gida) from Mediterranean Seamounts and from the deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including notes on two undescribed species. Zootaxa 4378: 541–566. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.8

Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2018b. Echinoderidae (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from two seamounts and the adjacent deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including descriptions of three new species. Cahiers de Biologie marine 59: 79–106.

Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2019. Echinoderid mud dragons (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyn-cha) from Senghor Seamount (NE Atlantic Ocean) including general discussion of faunistic characters and distribution patterns of seamount kinorhynchs. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.018

Yamasaki H., Herranz M. & Sørensen M.V. 2020a. An interactive identification key to species of Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha). Zoologischer Anzeiger 287: 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.002

Yamasaki H., Fujimoto S. & Tanaka H. 2020b. Three new meiobenthic species from a submarine cave in Japan: Echinoderes gama, E. kajiharai and E. uozumii (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100: 537–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315420000429

Yildiz N.Ö., Sørensen M.V. & Karaytuğ S. 2016. A new species of Cephalorhyncha Adrianov, 1999 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Aegean Coast of Turkey. Helgoland Marine Research 70: 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-016-0476-5

Zelinka C. 1913. Der Echinoderen der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. In: von Drygalski E. (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903, im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern 14 (3): 417–436. Reimer, Berlin.

Zelinka C. 1928. Monographie der Echinodera. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Published
2020-12-30
How to Cite
Sørensen, M. V., Goetz, F. E., Herranz, M., Chang, C. Y., Chatterjee, T., Durucan, F., Neves, R. C., Yildiz, N. Özlem, Norenburg, J., & Yamasaki, H. (2020). Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group. European Journal of Taxonomy, 730(1), 1–101. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.730.1197
Section
Monograph