On ant-like Synemosyna Hentz, 1846 spiders from Bolivia, with indirect evidence for polymorphic mimicry complexes (Araneae: Salticidae: Simonellini)
Abstract
Three species of Synemosyna Hentz, 1846 were recorded during a survey in five Bolivian forest ecoregions: S. aurantiaca (Mello-Leitão, 1917), S. myrmeciaeformis (Taczanowski, 1871) and S. nicaraguaensis Cutler, 1993. Synemosyna aurantiaca and S. nicaraguaensis are recorded for Bolivia for the first time and the previously unknown male of S. nicaraguaensis is described and illustrated. The habitus and the genitalia of the female of S. myrmeciaeformis are illustrated for the first time. Synemosyna aurantiaca occurs in semi-deciduous forests south of 18° S and S. myrmeciaeformis in the Bolivian Yungas forest and ecoregions of the Amazon biome north of 16° S. Synemosyna nicaraguaensis is possibly an Andean species that enters into the moist Isthmian forests of Central America. Several potential mimicry complexes with two broad patterns were observed: sex-specific polychromatic mimicry (S. nicaraguaensis), and transformational mimicry involving smaller orange and larger brown to dark-brown forms (S. aurantiaca and S. myrmeciaeformis).
References
Ceccarelli F.S. 2010. New species of ant-mimicking jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae: Salticidae) from North Queensland, Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 49: 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2010.00756.x
Ceccarelli F.S. 2013. Ant-mimicking spiders: strategies for living with social insects. Psyche 2013: 839181. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/839181
Chamé-Vázquez D., Cutler B. & Ibarra-Núñez G. 2020. Further taxonomic notes on the jumping spider Synemosyna maddisoni Cutler, 1985 (Araneae: Salticidae). Arthropoda Selecta 29 (4): 475–480. https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.29.4.10
Cushing P.E. 1997. Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: a review. Florida Entomologist 80 (2): 165–193.
Cutler B. 1981a. On a collection of antlike jumping spiders from Bolivia (Araneae: Salticidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 16: 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650528109360581
Cutler B. 1981b. Synemosyna bicolor is the female of Synemosyna americana (Araneae, Salticidae). Journal of Arachnology 9: 342–343.
Cutler B. 1985. Taxonomic notes on Neotropical species in the genus Synemosyna (Araneae: Salticidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 20: 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650528509360674
Cutler B. 1993. A new Middle American Synemosyna (Araneae: Salticidae). Revista nicaragüense de entomología 24: 1–4.
Cutler B. & Edwards G.B. 2002. The jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Trinidad and Tobago. Living World. Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club 2002: 39–44.
Cutler B. & Müller H.G. 1991. The spider genus Synemosyna in northern Colombia (Araneae: Salticidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26: 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650529109360850
De Jager M.L. & Anderson B. 2019. When is resemblance mimicry? Functional Ecology 13346: 1365–2435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13346
Deyrup M. 2016. Ants of Florida: Identification and Natural History. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315368023
Edmunds M. 1978. On the association between Myrmarachne spp. (Salticidae) and ants. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 4: 149–160.
Galiano M.E. 1966. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes V. Revisión del género Synemosyna Hentz, 1846. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 1: 339–380.
Galiano M.E. 1967. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. VIII. Nuevas descripciones. Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 27: 27–39.
Galiano M.E. 1971. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. XII. Descripcion del allotypus de Synemosyna paraensis Galiano, 1967. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 33: 133–135.
Gilbert F. 2005. The evolution of imperfect mimicry. In: Fellowes M.D.E., Holloway G.J. & Rolff J. (eds) Insect Evolutionary Ecology: 231–288. CABI, Wallingford, WA, USA.
Ibisch P.L. & Mérida G. 2003. Biodiversidad: La riqueza de Bolivia. Estado de Conocimiento y Conservación. Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible. Editorial Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Laborda Turrión Á. 2016. Comunidad de arañas isleñas en el río Uruguay: la diversidad en un corredor biológico. Tesis de maestría, Universidad de la República (Uruguay), Facultad de Ciencias.
Levi H.W. 1965. Techniques for the study of spider genitalia. Psyche 72: 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1155/1965/94978
Maddison W.P. 2015. A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Journal of Arachnology 43: 231–292. https://doi.org/10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292
McIver J.D. & Stonedahl G. 1993. Myrmecomorphy morphological and behavioral mimicry of ants. Annual Review of Entomology 38: 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.002031
Mello-Leitão C.F. de 1917. Aranhas novas ou pouco conhecidas de Thomisidas e Salticidas brasileiras. Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, Rio de Janeiro 1: 117–153.
Mello-Leitão C.F. de. 1933. Ensaio sobre as myrmarachninas do Brasil. Boletim do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro 9: 39–102.
Navarro G. & Ferreira W. 2011. Mapa de Sistemas Ecológicos de Bolivia, escala 1:250000. Edición CD ROM. RUMBOL SRL-The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Bolivia.
Nelson X.J. & Jackson R.R. 2012. How spiders practice aggressive and Batesian mimicry. Current Zoology 58: 620–629. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.4.620
Oliveira P.S. 1988. Ant-mimicry in some Brazilian salticid and clubionid spiders (Araneae: Salticidae, Clubionidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 33: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00443.x
Olson D.M., Dinerstein E., Wikramanayake E.D., Burgess N.D., Powell G.V.N., Underwood E.C., D’Amico J.A., Itoua I., Strand H.E., Morrison J.C., Loucks C.J., Allnutt T.F., Ricketts T.H., Kura Y., Lamoreux J.F., Wettengel W.W., Hedao P. & Kassem K.R. 2011. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience 51 (11): 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Pearson D.L., Guerra J. & Brzoska D. 1999. The tiger beetles of Bolivia: their identification, distribution and natural history (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3 (4): 382–523.
Peckham G.W. & Peckham E.G. 1885. On some new genera and species of the Attidae, from Madagascar and Central America. Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 1885: 23–42.
Peckham G.W. & Peckham E.G. 1892. Ant-like spiders of the family Attidae. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 2 (1): 1–84. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/82774 [accessed 5 Mar. 2021].
Peckham G.W., Peckham E.G. & Wheeler W.H. 1889. Spiders of the subfamily Lyssomanae. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 7: 222–256.
Pekár S., Petráková L., Bulbert M.W., Whiting M.J. & Herberstein M.E. 2017. The golden mimicry complex uses a wide spectrum of defence to deter a community of predators. eLife 6: e22089. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22089.001
Perger R. 2015. The highest known euglossine bee community from a garden in the Bolivian Andes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 45: 65–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.45.5003
Perger R. & Grossi P.C. 2013. Revision of the rhinoceros beetle genus Oryctophileurus Kolbe with description of a new species, the male of O. varicosus Prell, and notes on biogeography (Scarabaeoidea, Dynastinae, Phileurini). ZooKeys 346: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.346.6114
Perger R. & Perger Y.N. 2017. A species richness hotspot of ant-mimicking sac spiders (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) at the Bolivian Orocline, with new country records for three genera and nine species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 110 (4): 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sax040
Perger R. & Rubio G.D. 2018. A wolf in sheep’s clothing: the description of a fly resembling jumping spider of the genus Scoturius Simon, 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Huriini). PLoS ONE 13 (1): e0190582. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190582
Perger R. & Rubio G.D. 2020a. Sympolymnia, a new genus of Neotropical ant-like spider, with description of two new species and indirect evidence for transformational mimicry (Araneae, Salticidae, Simonellini). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96 (2): 781–795. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.55210
Perger R. & Rubio G.D. 2020b. Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical ant-like spiders: Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. from Bolivian Chiquitano forest, a new country record for M. niger, and indirect evidence for species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4790 (1): 151–164. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.1.9
Piza Jr. S. de T. 1937. Novas especies de aranhas myrmecomorphas do Brasil e considerações sobre o seu mimetismo. Revista do Museu Paulista 23: 307–319.
Podgaiski L.R., Ott R., Lopes Rodrigues E.N., Buckup E.H. & Leão Marques M.A. 2007. Araneofauna (Arachnida; Araneae) do Parque Estadual do Turvo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 7 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000200023
Raizer J. 2004. Comunidade de aranhas em capões de mata das sub-regiões Miranda e Abobral no pantanal sul-mato-grossense. PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Rodrigues E.N.L., Mendonça J.M.S. & Ott J. 2009. Spider diversity in a rice agroecosystem and adjacent areas in southern Brazil. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 35 (1): 89–97.
Rodrigues E.N.L., Rodrigues P.E.S., Mendonça J.M.S. & Milton S. 2016. Spider species composition in the tree-shrub strata of riparian forests and its microhabitats in southern Brazil. Zoologia (Curitiba) 33 (3): e20150102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150102
Simon E. 1901. Histoire naturelle des Araignées. Deuxième édition, tome second. Roret, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51973
Taczanowski L. 1871. Les aranéides de la Guyane française. Horae Societatis entomologicae Rossicae 8: 32–132.
Wanless F.R. 1978. A revision of the spider genera Belippo and Myrmarachne (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 33: 1–139. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/28732 [accessed 5 Mar. 2021].
Wappes J.E., Lingafelter S.W. & Perger R. 2011. Additions and deletions to the known Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of Bolivia. Insecta Mundi 0150: 1–8. Available from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/669/ [accessed 5 Mar. 2021].
World Spider Catalog. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 19.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http://wsc.nmbe.ch [accessed 10 Sep. 2020].
Zapata L.V. & Grismado C.J. 2015. Lista sistemática de arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) de la Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina), con notas sobre su taxonomía y distribución. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 17 (2): 183–211. Available from https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/46712 [accessed 5 Mar. 2021].
Copyright (c) 2021 Robert Perger, Gonzalo D. Rubio, Charles R. Haddad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.
