COI mtDNA barcoding and morphology for the description of a new species of ricinuleid of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico
Abstract
A new species of epigean ricinuleid of the genus Pseudocellus Platnick, 1980 from El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico is described. DNA barcoding utilizing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and morphology were used for species delimitation. Molecular analyses and species delimitation included four methods: 1) General Mixed Yule Coalescent model (GMYC), 2) Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), 3) Bayesian Poisson Tree Process (bPTP), and 4) Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP). All molecular methods and morphology were consistent in delimiting and recognizing the new species described herein. The average interspecific genetic distance (p-distance) among analyzed species of Pseudocellus was 11.6%. The species is described based on adult males and females: Pseudocellus giribeti sp. nov. This is the seventh species described from Chiapas, which holds the highest number of ricinuleids species for the country. The total number of described species of Pseudocellus from Mexico increases to 21, having the highest species diversity of known ricinuleids worldwide.
References
Armas L.F. 2017. Cuatro especies nuevas de Pseudocellus de Cuba (Arachnida: Ricinulei). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 30: 87–99.
Armas L.F. & Agreda E.O. 2016. Una nueva especie de Pseudocellus (Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) del Suroeste de Guatemala. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 28: 79–83.
Astrin J.J., Huber B.A., Misof B. & Kluetsch C.F. 2006. Molecular taxonomy in pholcid spiders (Pholcidae, Araneae): evaluation of species identification methods using CO1 and 16S rRNA. Zoologica Scripta 35 (5): 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00239.x
Bolívar y Pieltain C. 1946. Hallazgo de un nuevo Ricinulideo en el México Central. Ciencia 7:24–28.
Botero-Trujillo R. & Flórez D.E. 2017. Two new ricinuleid species from Ecuador and Colombia belonging to the peckorum species-group of Cryptocellus Westwood (Arachnida, Ricinulei). Zootaxa 4286 (4): 483–498. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.2
Botero-Trujillo R. & Pérez G.A. 2008. A new species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei) from northwestern Colombia. Journal of Arachnology 36: 468–471. https://doi.org/10.1636/CH07-95SC.1
Botero-Trujillo R. & Pérez G.A. 2009. A new species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei) from the Kofán Territory in southwestern Colombia. Zootaxa 2050 (1): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2050.1.3
Botero-Trujillo R. & Valdez-Mondragón A. 2016. A remarkable new species of the magnus species-group of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei) from Ecuador, with observations on the taxonomy of the New World genera. Zootaxa 4107 (3): 321–337. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.2
Botero-Trujillo R., Sain C.E. & Prendini L. 2021a. Systematics of the “giant” ricinulei (Ricinoididae: Ricinoides) of West Africa, with descriptions of five new species and comparative morphology of the male copulatory apparatus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 448 (5): 1–68. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.448.1.1
Botero-Trujillo R., Carvalho L., Florez E. & Prendini L. 2021b. Four new species of “hooded tick-spiders” (Ricinulei, Ricinoididae) from South and Central America, with clarification of the identity of Cryptocellus leleupi Cooreman, 1976. American Museum Novitates 3976: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1206/3976.1
Brignoli P.M. 1974. On some Ricinulei of Mexico with notes of the morphology of the female genital apparatus (Arachnida, Ricinulei). Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Quaderno 171: 153–174.
Carstens B.C., Pelletier T.A., Reid N.M. & Satler J.D. 2013. How to fail at species delimitation. Molecular Ecology 22 (17): 4369–4383. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12413
Correa-Ramírez M.M., Jiménez M.L. & García-De León F.J. 2010. Testing species boundaries in Pardosa sierra (Araneae: Lycosidae) using female morphology and COI mtDNA. The Journal of Arachnology 38 (3): 538–554. https://doi.org/10.1636/Sh09-15.1
Cruz-Lopez J.A., Monjaraz-Ruedas R. & Francke O.F. 2019. Turning to the dark side: evolutionary history and molecular species delimitation of a troglomorphic lineage of armoured harvestman (Opiliones: Stygnopsidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 77 (2): 285–302. https://doi.org/10.26049/ASP77-2-2019-06
DeSalle R., Egan M.G. & Siddall M. 2005. The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360 (1462): 1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1722
Drummond A.J., Suchard M.A., Xie D. & Rambaut A. 2012. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (8): 1969–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss075
Ewing H.E. 1929. A synopsis of the American arachnids of the primitive order Ricinulei. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 22 (4): 583–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/22.4.583
Fernández R. & Giribet G. 2015. Unnoticed in the tropics: phylogenomic resolution of the poorly known arachnid order Ricinulei (Arachnida). Royal Society Open Science 2 (6): e150065. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150065
Fujisawa T. & Barraclough T.G. 2013. Delimiting species using single-locus data and the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent approach: a revised method and evaluation on simulated data sets. Systematic Biology 62 (5): 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syt033
Gertsch W.J. 1971. Three new ricinuleids from Mexican caves (Arachnida, Ricinulei). Bulletin of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies 4: 127–135.
Gertsch W.J. & Mulaik S. 1939. Report on a new ricinuleid from Texas. American Museum Novitates 1037: 1–5. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/2246/4823 [accessed 8 Oct. 2021].
Graham M.R., Hendrixson B.E., Hamilton C.A. & Bond J.E. 2015. Miocene extensional tectonics explain ancient patterns of diversification among turret-building tarantulas (Aphonopelma mojave group) in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. Journal of Biogeography 42 (6): 1052–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12494
Hamilton C.A., Formanowicz D.R. & Bond J.E. 2011. Species delimitation and phylogeography of Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): cryptic diversity in North American tarantulas. PloS One 6 (10): e26207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026207
Hamilton C.A., Hendrixson B.E., Brewer M.S. & Bond J.E. 2014. An evaluation of sampling effects on multiple DNA barcoding methods leads to an integrative approach for delimiting species: a case study of the North American tarantula genus Aphonopelma (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.007
Hamilton C.A., Hendrixson B.E. & Bond J.E. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States. ZooKeys 560: 1–340. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264
Hansen H.J. 1921. The Pedipalpi, Ricinulei, and Opiliones (exc. Op. Laniatores) collected by Mr. Leonardo Fea in tropical West Africa and adjacent islands. Studies on Arthropoda 1: 1–55.
Harvey M.S. 2003. Catalogue of the Smaller Arachnid Orders of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Collinwood, Victoria, Australia.
Hebert P.D., Cywinska A., Ball S.L. & Dewaard J.R. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270 (1512): 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hebert P.D., Penton E.H., Burns J.M., Janzen D.H. & Hallwachs W. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (41): 14812–14817. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406166101
Kapli P., Lutteropp S., Zhang J., Kobert K., Pavlidis P., Stamatakis A. & Flouri T. 2017. Multi-rate Poisson tree processes for single-locus species delimitation under maximum likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo. Bioinformatics 33 (11): 1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx025
Katoh K. & Toh H. 2008. Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9 (4): 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013
Kearse M., Moir R., Wilson A., Stones-Havas S., Cheung M., Sturrock S. & Drummond A. 2012. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28 (12): 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
Luo A., Ling C., Ho S.Y. & Zhu C.D. 2018. Comparison of methods for molecular species delimitation across a range of speciation scenarios. Systematic Biology 67 (5): 830–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy011
Monaghan M.T., Wild R., Elliot M., Fujisawa T., Balke M., Inward D.J. & Vogler A.P. 2009. Accelerated species inventory in Madagascar using coalescent-based models of species delineation. Systematic Biology 58 (3): 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp027
Murienne J., Benavides L.R., Prendini L., Hormiga G. & Giribet G. 2013. Forest refugia in Western and Central Africa as ‘museums’ of Mesozoic biodiversity. Biology Letters 9 (1): e20120932. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0932
Naskrecki P. 2008. A new ricinuleid of the genus Ricinoides Ewing (Arachnida, Ricinulei) from Ghana. Zootaxa 1698 (1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1698.1.4
Navarro-Rodríguez C.I. & Valdez-Mondragón A. 2020. Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1+ ITS2). European Journal of Taxonomy 704: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.704
Ortiz D. & Francke O.F. 2016. Two DNA barcodes and morphology for multi-method species delimitation in Bonnetina tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 101: 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.003
Penney D., Marusik Y., Wheater C.P. & Langan A.M. 2009. First Gambian Ricinulei (Arachnida: Ricinoididae): northernmost African record for the order. Zootaxa 2021 (1): 66–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2021.1.5
Pinto-da-Rocha R. & Andrade R. 2012. A new Cryptocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei) from Eastern Amazonia. Zoologia 29: 474–478. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702012000500012
Pittard K. & Mitchell R.W. 1972. Comparative morphology of the life stages of Cryptocellus pelaezi (Arachnida, Ricinulei). Graduate Studies Texas Tech University 1: 1–77. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/2346/72439 [accessed 8 Oct. 2021].
Planas E. & Ribera C. 2015. Description of six new species of Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) endemic to the Canary Islands and the utility of DNA barcoding for their fast and accurate identification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (1): 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12226
Platnick N.I. 1980. On the phylogeny of Ricinulei. In: Gruber J. (ed.) Verhandlungen 8. Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongress abgehalten an der Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, 7–12 Juli, 1980: 349–353. H. Egermann, Vienna.
Platnick N.I. 2002. Ricinulei. In: Adis J. (ed.) Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda: 381–386. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Moscow.
Pons J., Barraclough T.G., Gómez-Zurita J., Cardoso A., Duran D.P., Hazell S. & Vogler A.P. 2006. Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects. Systematic Biology 55 (4): 595–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600852011
Posada D. & Buckley T.R. 2004. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology 53 (5): 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Puillandre N., Lambert A., Brouillet S. & Achaz G. 2012. ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary species delimitation. Molecular Ecology 21 (8): 1864–1877. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05239.x
Puillandre N., Brouillet S. & Achaz G. 2020. ASAP: assemble species by automatic partitioning. Molecular Ecology 21: 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13281
QGIS.org. 2021. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. Available from http://www.qgis.org [accessed 8 Oct. 2021].
Rambaut A. & Drummond A.J. 2014. TRACER, MCMC Trace Analysis Tool Version 1.6. University of Edinburgh /University of Auckland, Edinburgh/Auckland.
Rannala B. & Yang Z. 2020. Species delimitation. In: Scornavacca C., Delsuc F. & Galtier N. (eds) Phylogenetics in the Genomic Era: 5.5:1–5.5:18. No commercial publisher. Available from https://hal.inria.fr/PGE/hal-02536468 [accessed 8 Oct. 2021].
Selden P.A. 1992. Revision of the fossil ricinuleids. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83 (4): 595–634. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300003333
Tahami M.S., Zamani A., Sadeghi S. & Ribera C. 2017. A new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 (Araneae: Sicariidae) from Iranian caves. Zootaxa 4318 (2): 377–387. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.10
Talavera G., Dincă V. & Vila R. 2013. Factors affecting species delimitations with the GMYC model: insights from a butterfly survey. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4 (12): 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12107
Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. & Kumar S. 2007. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (8): 1596–1599. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm092
Teruel R. & Armas L.F. 2008. Nuevo Pseudocellus Platnick 1980 de Cuba oriental y nuevos registros de Pseudocellus paradoxus (Cooke 1972) (Ricinulei: Ricinoididae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 43: 29–33.
Thorell T. 1892. On an apparently new arachnid belonging to the family Cryptostemmoidae, Westw. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar 17: 1–18.
Tourinho A.L. & Saturnino R. 2010. On the Cryptocellus peckorum and Cryptocellus adisi groups, and description of a new species of Cryptocellus from Brazil (Arachnida: Ricinulei). Journal of Arachnology 38: 425–432. Available from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20798575 [accessed 8 Oct. 201].
Tuxen S.L. 1974. The African genus Ricinoides (Arachnida, Ricinulei). Journal of Arachnology 1: 85–106. Available from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3705258 [accessed 8 Oct. 2021].
Valdez-Mondragón A. 2020. COI mtDNA barcoding and morphology for species delimitation in the spider genus Ixchela Huber (Araneae: Pholcidae), with the description of two new species from Mexico. Zootaxa 4747 (1): 54–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.2
Valdez-Mondragón A. & Francke O.F. 2011. Four new species of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from Mexico. Journal of Arachnology 39 (3): 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1636/Ha11-02.1
Valdez-Mondragón A. & Francke O.F. 2013. Two new species of ricinuleids of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from southern Mexico. Zootaxa 3635 (5): 545–556. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3635.5.4
Valdez-Mondragón A. & Juárez-Sánchez A.R. 2021. A new epigean species of ricinuleid of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from a tropical sub-deciduous forest in Oaxaca, Mexico. The Journal of Arachnology 48 (3): 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-014
Valdez-Mondragón A., Francke O.F. & Botero-Trujillo R. 2018. New morphological data for the order Ricinulei with the description of two new species of Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from Mexico. Journal of Arachnology 46: 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-17-054R1.1
Valdez-Mondragón A., Navarro-Rodríguez C.I., Solís-Catalán K.P., Cortez-Roldán M.R. & Juárez-Sánchez A.R. 2019. Under an integrative taxonomic approach: the description of a new species of the genus Loxosceles (Araneae, Sicariidae) from Mexico City. ZooKeys 892: 93–133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39558
Valdez-Mondragón A., Cortez-Roldán M.R. & Campuzano-Granados E.F. 2020. On the Mexican ricinuleids: a new species of the genus Pseudocellus (Arachnida: Ricinulei: Ricinoididae) from the cloud forest of Chiapas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3224
Wunderlich J. 2012. Description of the first fossil Ricinulei in amber from Burma (Myanmar), the first report of this arachnid order from the Mesozoic and from Asia, with notes on the related extinct order Trigonotarbida. In: Wunderlich J. (ed.) Fifteen papers on extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beiträge zur Araneologie 7: 233–244.
Wunderlich J. 2015. New and rare fossil Arachnida in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Amblypygi, Ricinulei and Uropygi: Thelephonida). In: Wunderlich J. (ed.) Mesozoic spiders and other fossil Arachnids. Beiträge zur Araneologie 9: 409–436.
Wunderlich J. 2017. New extinct taxa of the arachnid order Ricinulei, based on new fossils preserved in Mid Cretaceous Burmese amber. In: Wunderlich J. (ed.) Ten papers on fossil and extant spiders (Araneae). Beiträge zur Araneologie 10: 48–71.
Zhang J., Kapli P., Pavlidis P. & Stamatakis A. 2013. A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics 29 (22): 2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt499
Copyright (c) 2021 Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón, Mayra R. Cortez-Roldán
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.
