Monograph of the western Indian Ocean genus Paracephaelis (Rubiaceae – Pavetteae), with description of thirteen new species
Abstract
The western Indian Ocean genus Paracephaelis is revised. Sixteen species are endemic to Madagascar, 12 of which are new for science: P. aristata sp. nov., P. bardotiae sp. nov., P. capitulifera sp. nov., P. gautieri sp. nov., P. grandifructa sp. nov., P. longipedicellata sp. nov., P. orientalis sp. nov., P. pauciflora sp. nov., P. ranirisonii sp. nov., P. russata sp. nov., P. sambavensis sp. nov., and P. seyrigii sp. nov. Paracephaelis trichantha occurs on the east coast of continental Africa and on the islands of the Aldabra Group. One other species is newly described from the Comoros, P. comorensis sp. nov. Paracephaelis is characterized by sessile inflorescences, pubescent inflorescence and flower parts, ovules arranged at the periphery of the placenta, laterally flattened seeds with entire endosperm and a shallow elongate hilum, and pollen with supratectal elements. Of the Malagasy endemics, five species are assessed as Critically Endangered with P. sambavensis sp. nov. possibly Extinct in the Wild, three are Endangered, four are Vulnerable, one is Near Threatened, and three are Least Concern. Outside Madagascar, P. trichantha and P. comorensis sp. nov. are assessed as Vulnerable.
References
Anonymous. 1962. Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Biological Terminology. II. Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes (chart 1). Taxon 11: 145–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/1216718
Arènes J. 1960. A propos de quelques genres Malgaches de Rubiacées. Notulae Systematicae 16: 6–19.
Bachman S., Moat J., Hill A.W., de la Torre J. & Scott B. 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
Baillon H. 1879. Observations sur les Naucleees. Adansonia, ser. 1, 12: 311–316.
Baillon H. 1880. Histoire des Plantes 7. Hachette, Paris.
Baker J.G. 1882. Contributions to the flora of central Madagascar. Journal of Botany (London) 20: 137–140.
Baker J.G. 1894. CCCLXXVIII.– Flora of Aldabra Islands. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1894 (89): 146–151. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114904
Barthelat F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Biotope Editions, Mèze; Muséum national dʼHistoire naturelle, Paris.
Beentje H. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi.
Benstead J.P., De Rham P.H., Gattolliat J.-L., Gibon F.-M., Loiselle P.V., Sartori M., Sparks J.S. & Stiassny M.L.J. 2003. Conserving Madagascar’s freshwater biodiversity. BioScience 53 (11): 1101–1111. https://doi.org/b9dcp5
BirdLife International 2020a. Important bird areas factsheet: Ambatovaky Special Reserve. Available from http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
BirdLife International 2020b. Important bird areas factsheet: Manongarivo Special Reserve and extension. Available from http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
BirdLife International 2020c. Important bird areas factsheet: Manambolomaty wetland complex and Tsimembo Classified Forest. Available from http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
BirdLife International 2020d. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park and extension. Available from http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
BirdLife International 2020e. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National d’Isalo. Available from http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Bojer W. 1837. Hortus Mauritianus, ou Énumération des Plantes, exotiques et indigènes, qui croissent a l’Ile Maurice, disposées d’après la Methode naturelle. Imprimerie d’Aimé Mamarot et Compagnie, Maurice. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47
Bremekamp C.E.B. 1934. A monograph of the genus Pavetta L. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 37: 1–208.
Bremekamp C.E.B. 1939. A monograph of the genus Pavetta L.: Additions and emendations. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 47: 12–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19390470106
Bridson D.M. 1979. Studies in Tarenna sensu lato (Rubiaceae subfam. Cinchonoideae) for part 2 of ‘Flora of Tropical East Africa: Rubiaceae’. Kew Bulletin 34: 377–402. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110002
Bridson D.M. 1988. Tarenna. In: Bridson D.M. & Verdcourt B. (eds) Flora of East Tropical Africa, Rubiaceae, Part 2: 584–603.
Bridson D.M. 2003. Paracephaelis Baill. In: Bridson D.M. & Verdcourt B. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, Rubiaceae, Part 3: 619–621.
Bridson D.M. & Robbrecht E. 1985. Further notes on the tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Belgique 55: 83–115. https://doi.org/10.2307/3668012
Britt A., Iambana B.R., Welch C.R. & Katz A.S. 2003. Restocking of Varecia variegata variegata in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Betampona. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1545–1551. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Buerki S., Phillipson P.B. & Callmander M.W. 2011. A taxonomic revision of Gouania (Rhamnaceae) in Madagascar and the other islands of the Western Indian Ocean (the Comoro and Mascarene Islands, and the Seychelles). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 98: 157–195. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007075
Burgess N.D., Clarke G.P. & Rodgers W.A. 1998. Coastal forests of eastern Africa: status, endemism patterns and their potential causes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64: 337–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00337.x
Burgess N.D., Matthews P., Evers Y. & Woodcock K. 2000. 5.3 Non-timber uses, threats and local attitudes. In: Burgess N.D. & Clarke G.P. (eds) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: 281–302. IDCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Burrows J., Burrows S., Lötter M. & Schmidt E. 2018. Trees & Shrubs Mozambique. Publishing Print Matters, Cape Town, South Africa.
Callmander M.W., Schatz G.E. & Lowry P.P. II. 2005. IUCN Red List assessment and the global strategy for plant conservation: taxonomists must act now. Taxon 54: 1047–1050. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065491
Callmander M.W., Schatz G.E., Lowry P.P. II, Laivao M.O., Raharimampionona J., Andriambololonera S., Raminosoa T. & Consiglio T.K. 2007. Application of IUCN Red List criteria and assessment of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar: rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate new sites in need of protection. Oryx 41: 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307001731
Capuron R. 1973. Révision des Rubiacées de Madagascar et des Comores. Unpublished manuscript: notes regroupées et mises en forme par J. Bosser, dactylographiées par F. Chauvet. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, MNHN, Paris.
Cardiff S.G. & Andriamanalina A. 2007. Contested spatial coincidence of conservation and mining efforts in Madagascar. Madagascar Conservation & Development 2: 28–34. https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v2i1.44127
Cardiff S.G. & Befourouack J. 2008. La Réserve spéciale de l’Ankarana. In: Goodman S.M. (ed.) Paysages naturels et Biodiversité de Madagascar: 571–584. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, WWF, Paris.
Consiglio T., Schatz G.E., McPherson G., Lowry II P.P., Rabenantoandro J., Rogers Z.S., Rabevohitra R. & Rabehevitra D. 2006. Deforestation and plant diversity of Madagascar’s littoral forests. Conservation Biology 20: 1799–1803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00562.x
Craib W.G. 1932. Florae Siamensis Enumeratio: A List of the Plants Known from Siam with Records of Their Occurrence. Vol. 2, Part 1: Caprifoliaceae and Rubiaceae (in part). Bangkok Times Press, Thailand.
Daly D., Raharimampionona J. & Federman S. 2015. A revision of Canarium L. (Burseraceae) in Madagascar. Adansonia 37: 277–345. https://doi.org/10.5252/a2015n2a2
De Block. P. 1997. Biosystematic Studies in the tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae). PhD thesis, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
De Block P. 2003. New combinations in the genus Paracephaelis (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae). Systematics and Geography of Plants 73: 99–100. Available from http://www.jstor.com/stable/3668485 [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
De Block P. 2007. Three new Madagascan Ixora species (Rubiaceae) with flowers up to 25 cm long. Nordic Journal of Botany 25: 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00111_7.x
De Block P. 2008. Synopsis of the uniflorous Madagascan Ixora (Rubiaceae) species belonging to section Microthamnus. Belgian Journal of Botany 141: 141–156. Available from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20794661[accessed 1 Jul. 2021].
De Block P. 2014a. Synopsis of the multilocular Ixora species (Rubiaceae) in Madagascar. Phytotaxa 162: 121–133. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.162.3.1
De Block P. 2014b. Eight new species of Ixora (Ixoreae - Rubiaceae) from Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 147: 237–255. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2014.927
De Block P. 2018. Revision of the Madagascan endemic Homollea (Rubiaceae - Pavetteae), with description of two new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 423: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.423
De Block P. & Igersheim A. 2001. Stigma of the African genera Rutidea and Nichallea (Rubiaceae Ixoroideae Pavetteae): highly modified receptive surfaces. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1086/320139
De Block P. & Robbrecht E. 1998. Pollen morphology of the Pavetteae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae) and its taxonomic significance. Grana 37: 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139809362678
De Block P., Degreef J. & Robbrecht E. 2001. Reinstatement of the Afro-malagasy genus Coptosperma (Rubiaceae). Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 455–492. https://doi.org/10.2307/3668694
De Block P., Rakotonasolo F., Ntore S., Razafimandimbison S.G. & Janssens S. 2018. Four new endemic genera of Rubiaceae (Pavetteae) from Madagascar represent multiple radiations into drylands. PhytoKeys 99: 1–66. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.99.23713
De Block P., Razafimandimbison S.G., Janssens S., Ochoterena H., Robbrecht E. & Bremer B. 2015. Molecular phylogenetics and generic assessment in the tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae). Taxon 64: 79–95. https://doi.org/10.12705/641.19
De Candolle A.-P. 1830. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Treuttel et Würtz, Paris.
De Cordemoy J.E. 1895. Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Phanérogames, Cryptogames, Vasculaires, Muscinées) avec l’indication des Propriétés économiques & industrielles des Plantes. P. Klinsksieck, Paris.
De Vogel E.F. 1987. Manual of Herbarium Taxonomy: Theory and Practice. UNESCO, Indonesia.
Dolch R. 2008. Andasibe (Périnet). Les efforts actuellement entrepris sont-ils suffisants pour protéger la nature du “hot-spot” de biodiversité a Madagascar? In: Goodman S.M. (ed.) Paysages naturels et Biodiversité de Madagascar: 547–557. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, WWF, Paris.
Dorr L.J. 1997. Plant Collectors in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Doulton H., Mohamed M., Shepherd G., Mohamed S., Ali B. & Maddison N. 2015. Competing Land-Use in a Small Island Developing State: Using Landscape Approaches to Manage Sustainable Outcomes in the Comoro Islands. XIV World Forestry Congress, Durban, South Africa, 7–11 September 2015. Available from http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/world-forestry-congress/programme/technical-papers-and-posters/en/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Drake del Castillo E. 1897. Ixora cinerea. In: Grandidier A. (ed.) Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar 36. Histoire naturelle des Plantes 4. Atlas 4, Part 1. Librairie Hachette et Cie, Paris. Available from https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/11629 [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Drake del Castillo E. 1898. Plantes nouvelles de Madagascar: Rubiacées. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Paris 2: 1305–1309.
Draper E. 2010. The pierced heart of Madagascar. National Geographic 218: 80–109.
Dubard M. & Dop P. 1925. Étude de quelques types nouveaux ou peu connus de Rubiacées de Madagascar. Journal de botanique (Morot), 2e série 3 : 1–31
Dumetz N. 1999. High plant diversity of lowland rainforest vestiges in eastern Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 273–315. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008880718889
Endress P.K. 2010. Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology: Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 48: 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00087.x
Eriksson O. & Bremer B. 1991. Fruit characteristics, life forms and species richness in the plant family Rubiaceae. The American Naturalist 138: 751–761. https://doi.org/10.1086/285247
Fenn M. 2003. Learning conservation strategies: A case study of the Parc national d’Andohahela. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1494–1501. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Filou E. 2019. Illegal corn farming menaces a Madagascar protected area. Available from https://news.mongabay.com/2019/02/illegal-corn-farming-menaces-a-madagascar-protected-area/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar 2020. The protected area of Ankarana. Available from https://www.fapbm.org/en/protected-area-ankarana [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Forthman M., Chłond D. & Weirauch C. 2016. Taxonomic monograph of the endemic millipede assassin bug fauna of Madagascar (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 400: 1–152. https://doi.org/10.1206/amnb-928-00-01.1
Fosberg F.R. 1971. Preliminary survey of Aldabra vegetation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 260: 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1971.0011
Fosberg F.R. 1979. The woody Rubiaceae of Aldabra Island (Indian Ocean). Phytologia 41: 347–362.
Fosberg F.R. & Renvoize S.A. 1980. The Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands. H.M.S. O., London.
Friedmann F. 1994. Flore des Seychelles: Dicotylédones. O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris.
Gade D.W. 1996. Deforestation and its effects in highland Madagascar. Mountain Research and Development 16 (2):101–116. https://doi.org/10.2307/3674005
Ganzhorn J.U., Rakotosamimanana B., Hannah L., Hough J., Iyer L., Olivieri S., Rajaobelina S., Rodstrom C. & Tilkin G. 1997. Priorities for biodiversity conservation in Madagascar. Primate Report 48: 1–81.
Garreau J.-M. & Manantsara A. 2003. The protected-area complex of the Parc National de Marojejy and the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1451–1458. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Goodman S.M., Pidgeon M., Hawkins A.F.A. & Schulenberg T.S. 1997. The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana: Zoology (new series) 87: 1–132. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3415
Goodman S.D., Cremen C., Langrand O., Dolch R., Rasolandrasana B., Grenfell S., Cardiff S.G., Befourouack J., Rasoloarison V., Paquier F., Sorg J.-P., Ganzhorn J.U., Kappeler P.M., Ratsirason J., Durbin J., Rakotoniaina L.J., Andrianandrasana H.T. & Randriamahefasoa J. 2008. Protection de la nature. In: Goodman S.D. (ed.) Paysages naturels et biodiversité de Madagascar: 515–654. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris.
Green G. & Sussman R.W. 1990. Deforestation history of the eastern rainforests of Madagascar from satellite images. Science 248: 212–215. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.248.4952.212
Groeninckx I., Janssens S., Smets E. & Verstraete B. 2017. Description of 11 new Astiella (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) species endemic to Madagascar. European Journal of Taxonomy 312: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.312
Habel J.C., Constanza I., Casanova C., Zamora C., Teucher M., Hornetz B., Shauri H., Mulwa R.K. & Lens L. 2017. East African coastal forest under pressure. Biodiversity and Conservation 26: 2751–2758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1375-z
Hallé F., Oldeman R.A.A. & Tomlinson P.B. 1978. Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis. Springer Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81190-6
Hannah L. & Boltz F. 2003. Zahamena Protected-Area complex. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1466–1472. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Hannah L., Dave R., Lowry P.P.II, Andelman S., Andrianarisata M., Andriamaro L., Cameron A., Hijmans R., Kremen C., MacKinnon J., Randrianasolo H.H., Andriambololonera S., Razafimpahanana A., Randriamahazo H., Randrianarisoa J., Razafinjatovo Ph., Raxworthy C., Schatz G.E., Tadross M. & Wilmé L. 2008. Climate change adaptation for conservation in Madagascar. Biology Letters 4: 590–594. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0270
Harper G.J., Steininger M.K., Tucker C.J., Juhn D. & Hawkins F. 2007. Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Environmental Conservation 34: 325–533. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907004262
Hartley A.J., Nelson A., Mayaux P. & Grégoir J.-M. 2007. The assessment of African protected areas. JRC Scientific and Technical Research series: EUR 22780 EN. Available from https://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/static/dopa/static/dopa/files/report.AssessmentOfAfricanProtectedAreas.pdf [accessed 22 Feb. 2022].
Hemsley W.B. 1919. IV. Flora of Aldabra: with notes on the flora of the neighbouring islands. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1919 (3): 108–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107703
Hochreutiner B.P.G. 1908. Serium madagascariense. Etude systématique de deux collections de plantes récoltées à Madagascar par M.M.J. Guillot et H. Rusillon. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin botaniques de Genève 11–12 : 35–135.
Homolle A.M. 1938. Les genres Tarenna, Enterospermum, Santalina (Rubiacées) à Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 85: 605–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1938.10834138
Hong-Wa C. 2016. A taxonomic revision of the genus Noronhia Stadtm. ex Thouars (Oleaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Boissiera 70: 1–291.
Hooker J.D. 1873. Ordo 94. Rubiaceae. In: Bentham G. & Hooker J.D. (eds) Genera Plantarum 2 (1): 7–151. L. Reeve & Co, London.
Hudson M., Andrianandrasana H., Lewis R., Gerrie R. & Concannon L. 2020. Unprecedented rates of deforestation in Menabe Antimena: Can we halt this catastrophic damage? Available from https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5744009-Durrell-2018-Unprecedented-rates-of.html [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Innes J. 2010. Madagascar rosewood, illegal logging and the tropical timber trade. Madagascar Conservation and Development 5: 6–10. https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v5i1.57335
Ingram J.C. & Dawson T.P. 2006. Forest cover, condition, and ecology in human-impacted forests, south-eastern Madagascar. Conservation and Society 4 (2): 194–230.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. IUCN, Cambridge.
Jones J.P.G. 2018. Madagascar: fear and violence making rainforest conservation more challenging than ever. Available from https://theconversation.com [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
La Maison de Madagascar 2020. Aires protégées des Hauts-Plateaux et du centre de Madagascar. Paysage harmonieux protégé du massif d’Itremo. Available from https://maison-de-madagascar.ch/madagascar/les-aires-protegees-de-madagascar/paysage-harmonieux-protege-du-massif-ditremo/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Langrand O. 2003. La Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1472–1476. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Louette M. 2004. Environnement. In: Louette M., Meirte D. & Jocqué R. (eds) La Faune terrestre de l’Archipel des Comores. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology 293: 23–51.
McConnell W.J., Viña A., Kull C. & Batko C. 2015. Forest transition in Madagascar’s Highlands: Initial evidence and implications. Land 4: 1155–1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/land4041155
Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change 2020. Management and Biodiversity conservation of outer islands. Available from http://www.meecc.gov.sc/index.php/management-and-biodiversity-conservation-of-outer-islands/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Moat J. & Smith P. 2007. Atlas of the Vegetation of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew.
Nicoll M.E. 2003. Forests outside protected areas. In: Goodman S.M. & Benstead J.P. (eds) The Natural History of Madagascar: 1432–1437. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Nicoll M.E. & Langrand O. 1989. Madagascar: Revue de la Conservation et des Aires protégées. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
Nussbaum R.A. & Raxworthy C.J. 1994. A new species of Uroplatus Dumeril (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern Madagascar. Herpetologica 50: 319–325. Available from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3892705 [accessed 1 Jul. 2021].
Nusbaumer L., Ranirison P., Gautier L., Chatelain C., Loizeau P.-A. & Spichiger R. 2010. Loky-Manambato: point de rencontre des principales unités phytogéographiques de Madagascar. In: van der Burgt X., van der Maesen J. & Onana J.-M. (eds) Systématique et Conservation des Plantes Africaines: 253–264. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Olivieri G., Zimmermann E., Randrianambinina B., Rasoloharijaona S., Rakotondravony D., Guschanski K. & Radespiel U. 2007. The ever-increasing diversity in mouse lemurs: three new species in north and northwestern Madagascar. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.026
QGIS Development Team 2020. QGIS Geographic Information System, version 3.4.11. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from https://qgis.org/en/site/ [accessed 1 Oct. 2020].
Rakotoarison A., Scherz M.D., Glaw F., Köhler J., Andreone F., Franzen M., Glos J., Hawlitschek O., Jono T., Mori A., Ndriantsoa S.H., Rasoamampionona Raminosoa N., Riemann J.C., Rödel M.-O., Rosa G.M., Vieites D.R., Crottini A. & Vences M. 2017. Describing the smaller majority: integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology 67: 271–398.
Rakotoarivelo N.H., Rakotoarivony F., Ramarosandratana A.V., Jeannoda V.H., Kuhlman A.R., Randrianasolo A. & Bussmann R.W. 2015. Medicinal plants used to treat the most frequent diseases encountered in Ambalabe rural community, eastern Madagascar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11: 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0050-2
Rakotondravony H.A. 2006. Aspects de la conservation des reptiles et des amphibiens dans la région de Daraina. Madagascar Conservation & Development 1: 15–18. https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v1i1.44118
Rakotondravony H.A. 2009. Reptiles, amphibiens et gradient altitudinal dans la région de Daraina, extrême nord-est de Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 2: 52–65. Available from http://www.vahatra.mg/volume2/mn02_03.pdf [accessed 1 Jul. 2021].
Ralainasolo F.B., Ratsimbazafy J.H. & Stevens N.J. 2008. Behavior and diet of the critically endangered Eulemur cinereiceps in Manombo forest, southeast Madagascar. Madagascar Conservation & Development 3: 38–43. https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v3i1.44134
Ramanamanjato J.-B., Mcintyre P.B. & Nussbaum R.A. 2002. Reptile, amphibian, and lemur diversity of the Malahelo Forest, a biogeographical transition zone in southeastern Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 1791–1807. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020325415489
Rasolofoson D., Rakotondratsimba G., Rakotonirainy O., Rasolofoharivelo T., Rakotozafy L., Ratsimbazafy J., Ratelolahy F., Andriamaholy V. & Sarovy A. 2007. Le bloc forestier de Makira charnière de Lémuriens. Lemur News 12: 49–53.
Ratsirarson J. & Ranaivonasy J. 2002. Ecologie des Lémuriens dans la forêt littorale de Tampolo. Lemur News 7: 26–30.
Renvoize S.A. 1971. The origin and distribution of the flora of Aldabra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 260: 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1971.0012
Richard A. 1830. Mémoire sur la Famille des Rubiacées. J. Tastu, Paris.
Richard A. 1834. Mémoire sur la famille des rubiacées. Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire naturelle de Paris 5: 82–302.
Richard U. & Nyundo B.A. 2018. Effect of mining on the diversity of invertebrate in peri-urban Dar es Salaam. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience 6: 25–32.
Ridsdale C.E. 1978. A revision of the tribe Naucleeae s.s. (Rubiaceae). Blumea 24: 307–366.
Robbrecht E. 1984. The delimitation and taxonomic position of the tropical African genera Leptactina and Dictyandra (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 145: 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00984034
Robbrecht E. 1988. Tropical woody Rubiaceae: characteristic features and progressions; contributions to a new subfamilial classification. Opera Botanica Belgica 1: 1–271.
Ruhsam M. & Davis A.P. 2007. A taxonomic revision of the genus Flagenium Baill. (Rubiaceae–Octotropideae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00714.x
Schatz G.E., Lescot M., Rogers Z., Sikes K., Andriambololonera S., Raharimampionona J. & Wolf A.-E. 2003. Gazetteer to Malagasy botanical collecting localities. Available from http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/madagascar/gazetteer/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Schatz G.E., Gereau R.E. & Lowry II P.P. 2017. A revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Beguea (Sapindaceae). Candollea 72: 45–65. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2017v721a6
Schinz H. 1897. Zur Kenntnis der Flora der Aldabra-Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 21: 77–91.
Schumann K. 1891. Rubiaceae. In: Engler A. & Prantl K. (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4 (4): 1–156. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
Scott Elliott G.F. 1891. New and little-known Madagascar plants, collected and enumerated by G.F. Scott Elliott, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 29: 1–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1891.tb00116.x
Snow D.W. 1981. Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: a world survey. Biotropica 13: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387865
Styger E., Rakotondramasy H.M., Pfeffer M.J., Fernandes E.C.M. & Bates D.M. 2007. Influence of slash-and-burn farming practices on fallow succession and land degradation in the rainforest region of Madagascar. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 119: 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.012
Stafford J. 2001. The Comoros. In: Fishpool L.D.C. & Evans M.I. (eds) Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority Sites for Conservation: 185–190. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International, Newbury and Cambridge, UK.
Taylor C.M., Malcomber S. & Schatz G.E. 2014. Updated taxonomy of Gaertnera (Rubiaceae, Gaertnereae) in Madagascar, with sixteen new species. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 688–729. https://doi.org/10.3417/2011109
Thompson P.M. & Evans M.I. 1992. The threatened birds of Ambatovaky Special Reserve, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 2: 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002458
Thiers B. continuously updated. Index Herbariorum: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Turland N.J., Wiersema J.H., Barrie F.R., Greuter W., Hawksworth D.L., Herendeen P.S., Knapp S., Kusber W.-H., Li D.-Z., Marhold K., May T.W., McNeill J., Monro A.M., Prado J., Price M.J., Smith G.F. 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
USAID 2014. Madagascar Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment 2014 Update. Available from https://usaidgems.org/documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119/Madagascar2014.pdf [accessed 1 Oct. 2020].
Verdcourt B. 1983. Notes on Mascarene Rubiaceae. Kew Bulletin 37 (4): 521–574. https://doi.org/10.2307/4109725
Vieilledent G., Grinand C., Pedrono M., Rabetrano T., Rakotoarijaona J.-R., Rakotoarivelo B., Rakotomalala F.A. & Razafimpahanana D. 2016. Deforestation Process in the Dry Forests of the Menabe Region, Western Madagascar – Mission report. Available from bioscenemada.cirad.fr [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Vincelette M., Dumouchel J., Giroux J. & Heriarivo R. 2007. The Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) region: A brief overview of the geology, hydrology, and climatology. In: Ganzhorn J.U., Goodman S.M. & Vincelette M. (eds) Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). SI/MAB Series 11: 9–17.
Voeltzkow A. 1902. Die von Aldabra bis jetzt Bekannte Flora und Fauna. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 26: 541–565.
Waeber P.O., Rafanoharana S., Rasamuel H.A. & Wilmé L. 2019. Parks and reserves in Madagascar: Managing biodiversity for a sustainable future. In: Bakar A.N. & Suratman M.N. (eds) Protected Areas, National Parks and Sustainable Future: 10.5772/intechopen.85348. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85348
Wahlert G.A., Phillipson P.B. & Callmander M.W. 2019. Astrotrichilia leroyana, sp. nov. (Meliaceae, Melioideae): a new species from northeastern Madagascar. Adansonia, sér. 3 41 (10): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.5252/adansonia2019v41a10
Wingen A.C. 2011. Environmental Protection in Madagascar: an Evaluation of Program Viability. Msc Thesis, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minesota, USA. Available from https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/118610 [accessed Sep. 2020].
World Heritage List. 2020. Aldabra Atoll. Available from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/185/ [accessed 1 Sep. 2020].
Wright P. 1997. The future of biodiversity in Madagascar: A view from Ranomafana National Park. In: Goodman S.M. & Patterson B.D. (eds) Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar: 381–405. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Copyright (c) 2022 Petra De Block
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.
