Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Abstract
Limited data are available for the kinorhynch fauna from the Southern Hemisphere, with little or no data from New Zealand. Here, we provide a first comprehensive overview of the diversity of mud dragons, with an emphasis on species of Echinoderes from the continental slope of New Zealand, from a variety of habitats such as slopes, canyons and seamounts located in the Hikurangi Margin region. The study revealed fifteen species of Echinoderes. Of these, ten are described as new to science: E. aragorni sp. nov., E. blazeji sp. nov., E. dalzottoi sp. nov., E. frodoi sp. nov., E. galadrielae sp. nov., E. gandalfi sp. nov., E. landersi sp. nov., E. leduci sp. nov., E. legolasi sp. nov. and E. samwisei sp. nov. Moreover, Echinoderes juliae Sørensen et al., 2018, Echinoderes sp. aff. E. balerioni, Echinoderes sp. aff. E. galadrielae/beringiensis, Echinoderes sp. aff. E. lupherorum and Echinoderes sp. aff. E. unispinosus are reported in the investigated region. The most abundant among all was E. gandalfi sp. nov., but it was found only in canyons. Interestingly, the second most common species was E. juliae that was found at several stations in canyons, seamount and on the slope. This species is one of the deep-sea species originally found on the abyssal plain off Oregon and along the continental rise off California, Northeast Pacific, recorded in polymetallic nodules in the tropical eastern Pacific, and recently found on the abyssal plains off Chile, east of the Atacama Trench. These findings, together with records of Echinoderes sp. aff. E. lupherorum and Echinoderes sp. aff. E. unispinosus indicate that, despite their low dispersal abilities, kinorhynchs, similar to other meiofaunal species, may exhibit a wider distribution pattern than previously assumed. The number of recorded species and numerous new species show that New Zealand sediments not only are inhabited by a diverse kinorhynch fauna, but Echinoderes, the most speciose genus, still holds much to discover.
References
Adrianov A.V. & Maiorova A.S. 2019. Echinoderes ultraabyssalis sp. nov. from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench – the first hadal representative of the Kinorhyncha (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Progress in Oceanography 178: e102142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102142
Adrianov A.V. & Maiorova A.S. 2022. Echinoderes beringiensis sp. nov. – the first representative of the Kinorhyncha from the deep-sea methane seepages in the North Pacific (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Deep-Sea Research Part II 204: e105154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105154
Adrianov A.V. & Malakhov V.V. 1999. Cephalorhyncha of the World Ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow.
Álvarez-Castillo L., Cepeda D., Pardos F., Rivas G. & Rocha-Olivares A. 2020. Echinoderes unispinosus (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), a new record from deep-sea sediments in the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa 4821 (1): 196–200. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4821.1.13
Bowden D.A., Rowden A.A., Leduc D., Beaumont J. & Clark M.R. 2016. Deep-sea seabed habitats: do they support distinct mega-epifaunal communities that have different vulnerabilities to anthropogenic disturbance? Deep Sea Research Part I 107: 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.10.011
Bratton J.F. 2010. The three scales of submarine groundwater flow and discharge across passive continental margins. The Journal of Geology 118: 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1086/655114
Burnett W.C., Taniguchi M. & Oberdorfer J. 2001. Measurements and significance of the direct discharge of groundwater into the coastal zone. Journal of Sea Research 42: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00075-2
Cepeda D., Pardos F., Zeppilli D. & Sánchez N. 2020. Dragons of the deep sea: Kinorhyncha communities in a pockmark field at Mozambique Channel, with the description of three new species. Frontiers in Marine Science 7: e665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00665
Cepeda D., González-Casarrubios A., Sánchez N., Spedicato A., Michaud E. & Zeppilli D. 2022. Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-induced mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean). Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.09.001
Coull B. & Wells J.B.J. 1981, Density of mud-dwelling meiobenthos from three sites in the Wellington region. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 15: 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1981.9515933
Dal Zotto M. & Todaro A. 2016. Kinorhyncha from Italy, a revision of the current checklist and an account of the recent investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.01.004
GaOrdóñez D., Pardos F. & Benito J. 2008. Three new Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from North Spain, with new evolutionary aspects in the genus. Zoologischer Anzeiger 247: 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2007.07.001
Gordon D.P. 2010. New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Volume 2, Kingdom Animalia: Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
Grzelak K. & Sørensen M.V. 2018. New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Spitsbergen, with additional information about known Arctic species. Marine Biology Research 14: 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367096
Grzelak K. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. Diversity and distribution of Arctic Echinoderes species (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the description of one new species and a redescription of E. arlis Higgins, 1966. Marine Biodiversity 49: 1131–1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0889-2
Grzelak K., Zeppilli D., Shimabukuro M. & Sørensen M.V. 2021. Hadal mud dragons: First insight into the diversity of Kinorhyncha from the Atacama Trench. Frontiers in Marine Science 8: e670735. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.670735
Herranz M., Yangel E. & Leander B. 2018. Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: a new mud dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean with the redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960. Marine Biodiversity 48: 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0726-z
Higgins R.P. 1967. The Kinorhyncha of New-Caledonia. Expédition française sur les Recifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie 2: 75–90. Fondation Singer-Polignac, Paris.
Higgins R.P. 1977. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225864
Higgins R.P. 1982. Three new species of Kinorhyncha from Bermuda. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 101: 305–316. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225748
Higgins R.P. 1983. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II: Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 18: 1–131. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.18.1
Higgins R.P. & Kristensen R.M. 1988. Kinorhyncha from Disko Island, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 458: 1–56. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.458
Higgins R.P. & Rao G.C. 1979. Kinorhynchs from the Andaman Islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 75–85.
Hong W.L., Lepland A., Himmler T., Kim J.-H., Chand S., Sahy D., Solomon E.A., Rae J.W.B., Martma T., Nam S.-I. & Knies J. 2019. Discharge of meteoric water in the eastern Norwegian Sea since the last glacial period. Geophysical Research Letters 46: 8194–8204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084237
Huys R. & Coomans A. 1989. Echinoderes higginsi sp. n. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from the southern North Sea with a key to the genus Echinoderes Claparède. Zoologica Scripta 18: 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00446.x
Ingels J., Kiriakoulakis K., Wolff G.A. & Vanreusel A. 2009. Nematode diversity and its relation to the quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter in the deep Nazaré Canyon, Western Iberian Margin. Deep Sea Research Part I 56: 1521–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.010
Ingels J., Billett D.S.M., Kiriakoulakis K., Wolff G.A. & Vanreusel A. 2011. Structural and functional diversity of Nematoda in relation with environmental variables in the Setúbal and Cascais canyons, Western Iberian Margin. Deep Sea Research Part II 58: 2354–2368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.002
Kamenev G.M., Fadeev V.I., Selin N.I., Tarasov V.G. & Malakhov V.V. 1993. Composition and distribution of macro- and meiobenthos around sublittoral hydrothermal vents in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand of Marine and Freshwater Research 27: 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1993.9516582
Karling T.G. 1954. Echinoderes levanderi n. sp. (Kinorhyncha) aus der Ostsee. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 189–192.
Kennedy M., Sørensen M.V. & Landers S. 2022. Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov., a new kinorhynch in the E. coulli species group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.09.002
Kirsteuer E. 1964. Zur Kenntnis der Kinorhynchen Venezuelas. Zoologischer Anzeiger 173: 388–393.
Landers S.C. & Sørensen M.V. 2018. Echinoderes sylviae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida), from the Gulf of Mexico, with comparative notes on a similar species Echinoderes spinifurca. Bulletin of Marine Science 94: 1499–1514. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1167
Landers S.C., Sørensen M.V., Beaton K.R., Jones C.M., Miller J.M. & Stewart P.M. 2018. Kinorhynch assemblages in the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf collected during a two-year survey. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 502: 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.05.013
Landers S.C., Sørensen M.V., Sánchez N., Beaton K.R., Miller J.M. & Ingels J. 2019. Kinorhynch communities on the Louisiana continental shelf. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 132: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2988/18-00008
Landers S.C., Bassham R.D., Miller J.M., Ingels J., Sánchez N. & Sørensen M.V. 2020. Kinorhynch communities from Alabama coastal waters. Marine Biology Research 16: 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2020.1789660
Landers S.C., Hoffman K.P., Sánchez N. & Sørensen M.V. 2022. Kinorhynch diversity in the southern Gulf of Mexico and a description of Dracoderes chaac sp. nov. Gulf and Caribbean Research 33: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3301.01
Lundbye H., Soo Rho H. & Sørensen M.V. 2011. Echinoderes rex n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), the largest Echinoderes species found so far. Scientia Marina 75: 41–51. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1041
McClain C.R. & Barry J.P. 2010. Habitat heterogeneity, disturbance, and productivity work in concert to regulate biodiversity in deep submarine canyons. Ecology 91: 964–976. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0087.1
Neuhaus B. 2013. Kinorhyncha ( = Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Handbook of Zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera: 181–348. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272536.181
Neuhaus B. & Blasche T. 2006. Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger 245: 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.03.003
Neuhaus B. & Sørensen M.V. 2013. Populations of Campyloderes sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): One global species with significant morphological variation? Zoologischer Anzeiger 252: 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.03.002
Neuhaus B., Higgins R.P. & Paavo B.L. 2010. Phylum Kinorhyncha: mud dragons. In: Gordon D.P. (ed.) New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Volume 2, Kingdom Animalia: Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils: 468–471. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
Neves R., Sørensen M.V. & Herranz M. 2016. First account on kinorhynchs from Portugal, with the description of two new species: Echinoderes lusitanicus sp. nov. and E. reicherti sp. nov. Marine Biology Research 12: 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1154973
Omer-Cooper J. 1957. Deux nouvelles espèces de Kinorhyncha en provenance de l’Afrique du Sud. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 26: 213–216. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1957.7920
Paldor A., Katz O., Aharonov E., Weinstein Y., Roditi-Elasar M., Lazar A. & Lazar B. 2020. Deep submarine groundwater discharge—evidence from Achziv Submarine Canyon at the exposure of the Judea Group confined aquifer, Eastern Mediterranean. JGR Ocean 125 (1): e2019JCO15435. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015435
Pardos F., Higgins R.P. & Benito J. 1998. Two new Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) including a reevaluation of kinorhynch taxonomic characters. Zoologischer Anzeiger 237: 195–208.
Pardos F., Sánchez N. & Herranz M. 2016a. Two sides of a coin: The Phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. I) Caribbean Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.005
Pardos F., Herranz M. & Sánchez N. 2016b. Two sides of a coin: The Phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. II) Pacific Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.006
Pawlowski J., Fahrni J., Lecroq B., Cornelius N., Excoffier L., Cedhagen T. & Gooday A.J. 2007. Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Molecular Ecology 16 (1): 4089–4096. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03465.x
Pilditch C.A., Leduc D., Nodder S.D., Probert P.K. & Bowden D.A. 2015. Spatial patterns and environmental drivers of benthic infaunal community structure and ecosystem function on the New Zealand continental margin. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 49: 224–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2014.995678
Ptatscheck C. & Traunspurger W. 2020. The ability to get everywhere: dispersal modes of free-living aquatic nematodes. Hydrobiologia 847: 3519–3547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04373-0
Randsø P.V., Yamasaki H., Bownes S.J., Herranz M., Di Domenico M., Qii G.B. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. Phylogeny of the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) – a cosmopolitan species group trapped in the intertidal. Invertebrate Systematics 33: 501–517. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18069
Rosli N., Leduc D., Rowden A.A., Clark M.R., Probert K., Berkenbusch K. & Neira C. 2016. Differences in meiofauna communities with sediment depth are greater than habitat effects on the New Zealand continental margin: implications for vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance. PeerJ 4: e2154. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2154
Rosli N., Leduc D., Rowden A.A., Probert K. & Clark M.R. 2018. Regional and sediment depth differences in nematode community structure greater than between habitats on the New Zealand margin: implications for vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance. Progress in Oceanography 160: 26–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.11.006
Sánchez N., Herranz M., Benito J. & Pardos F. 2012. Kinorhyncha from the Iberian Peninsula: new data from the first intensive sampling campaigns. Zootaxa 3402 (1): 24–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3402.1.2
Somerfield P.J. & Warwick R.M. 1996. Meiofauna in Marine Pollution Monitoring Programmes: A Laboratory Manual. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft, UK.
Sørensen M.V. 2006. New kinorhynchs from Panama, with a discussion of some phylogenetically significant cuticular structures. Meiofauna Marina 15: 51–77.
Sørensen M.V. 2014. First account of echinoderid kinorhynchs from Brazil, with the description of three new species. Marine Biodiversity 44: 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0181-4
Sørensen M.V. 2018. Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities. European Journal of Taxonomy 436: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.436
Sørensen M.V. & Landers S.C. 2014. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Frontiers in Marine Science 1 (8): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00008
Sørensen M.V., Heiner I. & Ziemer O. 2005. A new species of Echinoderes from Florida (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118: 499–508. https://doi.org/cz3z4t
Sørensen M.V., Rho H.S., Min W., Kim D. & Chang C.Y. 2012. An exploration of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Korean and neighboring waters, with the description of four new species and a redescription of E. tchefouensis Lou, 1934. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 161–196. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.8
Sørensen M.V., Rho H.S., Min W., Kim D. & Chang CY. 2013. Occurrence of the newly described kinorhynch genus Meristoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) in Korea, with the description of four new species. Helgoland Marine Research 67: 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-012-0323-2
Sørensen M.V., Gąsiorowski L., Randsø P.V., Sánchez N. & Neves R.C. 2016a. First report of kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the description of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64: 3–27.
Sørensen M.V., Herranz M. & Landers S.C. 2016b. A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a redescription of Echinoderes bookhouti Higgins, 1964. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 48-–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.004
Sørensen M.V., Rohal M. & Thistle D. 2018. Deep-sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 456: 1–75. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.456
Sørensen M.V., Goetz F.E., Herranz M., Chang C.Y., Chatterjee T, Durucan F., Neves R.C., Yildiz N.Ö, Norenburg J. & Yamasaki H. 2020. Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group – the Echinoderes dujardinii group. European Journal of Taxonomy 730: 1–101. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.730.1197
Southern R. 1914. Clare Island survey. Nemathelmia, Kinorhyncha, and Chaetognatha. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 31: 1–80.
Vanreusel A., Fonseca G., Danovaro R., da Silva M.C., Esteves A.M., Ferrero T., Gad G., Galtsova V., Gambi C., da Fonsêca Genevois V., Ingels J., Ingole B., Lampadariou N., Merckx B., Miljutin D., Miljutina M., Muthumbi A., Netto S., Portnova D., Radziejewska T., Raes M., Tchesunov A., Vanaverbeke J., Van Gaever S., Venekey V., Bezerra T.N., Flint H., Copley J., Pape E., Zeppilli D., Aribzu Martínez P. & Galeron J. 2010. The contribution of deep-sea macrohabitat heterogeneity to global nematode diversity. Marine Ecology 31: 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00352.x
Varney R.M., Funch P., Kocot K.M. & Sørensen M.V. 2019. A new species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA, and insights into the kinorhynch transcriptome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 828: 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.003
Yamasaki H. 2016. Two new Echinoderes species (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Nha Trang, Vietnam. Zoological Studies 55: e32. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2016.55-32
Yamasaki H. 2017. Chapter 21. Diversity of Kinorhyncha in Japan and phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. In: Motokawa M. & Kajihara H. (eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan, Diversity and Commonality in Animals: 543–563. Springer Japan, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_21
Yamasaki H. & Dal Zotto M. 2019. Investigation of echinoderid kinorhynchs described 90 years ago: redescription of Echinoderes capitatus (Zelinka, 1928) and Echinoderes ferrugineus Zelinka, 1928. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 189-–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.013
Yamasaki H. & Fujimoto S. 2014. Two new species in the Echinoderes coulli group (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. ZooKeys 382: 27–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.382.6761
Yamasaki H. & Kajihara H. 2012. A new brackish-water species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Species Diversity 17: 109–118. https://doi.org/10.12782/sd.17.1.109
Yamasaki H., Grzelak K., Sørensen M.V., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2018a. Echinoderes pterus sp. n. showing a geographically and bathymetrically wide distribution pattern on seamounts and on the deep-sea floor in the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). ZooKeys 771: 15–40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.771.25534
Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2018b. New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Mediterranean seamounts and from the deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including notes on two undescribed species. Zootaxa 4378 (3): 541–566. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.8
Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2018c. Echinoderidae (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from two seamounts and the adjacent deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including descriptions of three new species. Cahiers de Biologie marine 59: 79–106.
Yamasaki H., Neuhaus B. & George K.H. 2019. Echinoderid mud dragons (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from Senghor Seamount (NE Atlantic Ocean) including general discussion of faunistic characters and distribution patterns of seamount kinorhynchs. Zoologischer Anzeiger 282: 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.018
Yamasaki H., Herranz M. & Sørensen M.V. 2020a. An interactive identification key to species of Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha). Zoologischer Anzeiger 287: 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.002
Yamasaki H., Fujimoto S. & Tanaka H. 2020b. Three new meiobenthic species from a submarine cave in Japan: Echinoderes gama, E. kajiharai, and E. uozumii (Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100 (4): 537–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315420000429
Zelinka C. 1928. Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
Copyright (c) 2022 Katarzyna Grzelak, Martin V. Sørensen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.
