Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages
Abstract
References
Antropov A.V., Belokobylskij S.A., Compton S.G., Dlussky G.M., Khalaim A.I., Kolyada V.A., Kozlov M.A., Perfilieva K.S. & Rasnitsyn A.P. 2014. The wasps, bees and ants (Insecta: Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the insect limestone (Late Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, UK. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104: 335–446.
AntWeb. 2014. AntWeb v5.17.1 [online]. Available from http://www.antweb.org/ [accessed 29 Oct. 2014].
Arakelian G.R. 1994. Fauna of the Republic of Armenia. Hymenopterous Insects. Ants (Formicidae). [In Russian] Erevan, Gitutium.
Arnol’di K.V. & Dlussky G.M. 1978. Superfam. Formicoidea. 1. Fam. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian] Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 119: 519–556.
Baroni Urbani C. 1977. Materiali per una revisione della sottofamiglia Leptanillinae Emery Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Entomologica Basiliensia 2: 427–488.
Baroni Urbani C., Bolton B. & Ward P.S. 1992. The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17: 301–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00553.x
Bernard F. 1951. Hyménoptères, super-famille des Formicoidea Ashmead 1905. In: Grassé P.P. (ed) Traité de Zoologie. Tome X. Fasc. II: 997–1104. Masson et Cie, Paris.
Bernard F. 1967 [1968]. Faune de l’Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis Hymenoptera Formicidae d’Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Masson, Paris.
Bierregaard R.O. Jr., Gascon C., Lovejoy T. & Mesquita R.C.G. (eds) 2001. Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Billen J., Bauweleers E., Hashim R. & Ito F. 2013. Survey of the exocrine system of Protanilla wallacei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Structure & Development 42: 173–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2013.01.001
Bolton B. 1990a. Abdominal characters and status of the cerapachyine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24: 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770051
Bolton B. 1990b. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 15: 267–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1990.tb00063.x
Bolton B. 1990c. Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24: 1339–1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770811
Bolton B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1–370.
Bolton B. 2014. AntCat: An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World [online]. Available from http://www.antcat.org/ [accessed 29 Oct. 2014].
Borowiec M.L., Schulz A., Alpert G.D. & Baňař P. 2011. Discovery of the worker caste and descriptions of two new species of Anomalomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae). with unique abdo-minal morphology. Zootaxa 2810: 1–14.
Boudinot B.E. 2013. The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Boudinot B.E., Sumnicht T.P. & Adams R.M.M. 2013. Central American ants of the genus Megalomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): six new species and keys to workers and males. Zootaxa 3732: 1–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3732.1.1
Brady S.G., Schultz T.R., Fisher B.L. & Ward P.S. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 18172–18177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605858103
Brady S.G., Schultz T.R., Fisher B.L. & Ward P.S. 2014. The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-93.
Brandão C.R.F., Diniz J.L.M. & Feitosa R.S.M. 2010. The venom apparatus and other morphological characters of the ant Martialis heureka (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Martialinae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 50: 413–423.
Brothers D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50: 485–648.
Brown W.L. Jr. 1958. A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopterologica 1: 1–50.
Brown W.L. Jr. & Nutting W.L. 1949. Wing venation and the phylogeny of the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 75: 113–132.
Brown W.L. Jr., Gotwald W.H. Jr. & Lévieux J. 1971 [1970]. A new genus of ponerine ants from West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with ecological notes. Psyche 77: 259–275.
Czechowski W., Radchenko A., Czechowska W. & Vepsäläinen K. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw, Natura Optima Dux Foundation.
Deyrup M. & Cover S. 2004. A new species of Odontomachus ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from inland ridges of Florida, with a key to the Odontomachus of the United States. Florida Entomologist 87: 136–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0136:ANSOOA]2.0.CO;2
Dlussky G.M. 1975. Superfamily Formicoidea Latreille, 1802. Family Formicidae Latreille, 1802. [In Russian] In: Rasnitsyn, A. P. Hymenoptera Apocrita of Mesozoic: 114–122. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
Dlussky G.M. 1983. A new family of Upper Cretaceous Hymenoptera: an “intermediate link” between ants and the scoliids. [In Russian] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1983(3): 65–78.
Dlussky G.M. 1988. Ants of Sakhalin amber (Paleocene?). [In Russian] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1988 (1): 50–61.
Dlussky G.M. 1996. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Burmese amber. Paleontological Journal 30: 449–454.
Dlussky G.M. 1999. The first find of the Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) in the lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere. [In Russian] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1999 (3): 62–66.
Dlussky G.M., Brothers D.J. & Rasnitsyn A.P. 2004. The first Late Cretaceous ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from southern Africa, with comments on the origin of the Myrmicinae. Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 1–13.
Dlussky G.M. & Fedoseeva E.B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian] In: Ponomarenko A.G. (ed.) Cretaceous Biocenotic Crisis and Insect Evolution: 70–144. Nauka, Moskva.
Dlussky G.M. & Rasnitsyn A.P. 2009. Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene amber of central and eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 43: 1024–1042.
Dunn R.R., Parker C.R., Geraghty M. & Sanders N.J. 2007. Reproductive phenologies in a diverse temperate ant fauna. Ecological Entomology 32: 135–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00839.x
Emery C. 1910. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102: 1–34. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45481#/summary
Engel M.S. & Grimaldi D.A. 2005. Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 3485: 1–23.
Forel A. 1893. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 37: 161–167.
Gauld I. & Bolton B. (eds.) 1988. The Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gotwald W.H. Jr. 1969. Comparative morphological studies of the ants, with particular reference to the mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 408: 3–150.
Goulet H. & Huber J. 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: an Identification Guide to Families. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.
Grimaldi D., Agosti D. & Carpenter J.M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208: 1–43.
Gronenberg W., Hölldobler B. & Alpert G.D. 1998. Jaws that snap: control of mandible movements in the ant Mystrium. Journal of Insect Physiology 44: 241–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00145-5
Harris R.A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Laboratory Services, Entomology. Occasional Papers 28: 1–31.
Hölldobler B. & Wilson E.O. 1990. The Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Johnson B.R., Borowiec M.L., Chiu J.C., Lee E.K., Atallah H. & Ward P.S. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050
Johnson N.R. 1988. Midcoxal articulations and phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 870–881.
Kaspari M., Pickering J., Longino J.T. & Windsor D. 2001a. The phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage: Evidence for continuous and overlapping production. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 382–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650100378
Kaspari M., Pickering J. & Windsor D. 2001b. The reproductive flight phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage. Ecological Entomology 26: 245–257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00320.x
Keller R.A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 355: 1–90.
Kück P., Hita Garcia F., Misof B. & Meusemann K. 2011. Improved phylogenetic analyses corroborate a plausible position of Martialis heureka in the ant tree of life. PLoS ONE 6: e21031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021031
Kugler C. 1992. Stings of ants of the Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 99: 103–115.
Kutter H. 1948. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Leptanillinae Hym. Formicidae. Eine neue Ameisengattung aus Süd-Indien. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 21: 286–295.
LaPolla J.S., Dlussky G.M. & Perrichot V. 2013. Ants and the fossil record. Annual Review of Entomology 58: 609–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100600
MacGown J.A., Boudinot B.E., Deyrup M. & Sorger D.M. 2014. A review of the Nearctic Odonto-machus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) with a treatment of the males. Zootaxa 3802: 515–552. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.6
McKellar R.C., Glasier J.R.N. & Engel M.S. 2013. New ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber. Bulletin of Geosciences 88: 583–594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1425
Michener C.D. 1981. Comparative morphology of the middle coxae of Apoidea. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54: 319–326.
Moffett M.W. 1986. Mandibles that snap: notes on the ant Mystrium camillae Emery. Biotropica 18: 361–362.
Moreau C.S., Bell C.D., Vila R., Archibald S.B. & Pierce N.E. 2006. Phylogeny of the ants: diversifi-cation in the age of angiosperms. Science 312: 101–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124891
Morley B.D.W. 1939. The phylogeny of the Cerapachyinae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae (Hym. Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 44: 114–118.
Ogata K. 1991. A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part II. Subfamily Myrmicinae. Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University 14: 61–149.
Ogata K., Terayama M. & Masuko K. 1995. The ant genus Leptanilla: discovery of the worker-associated male of L. japonica, and a description of a new species from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae). Systematic Entomology 20: 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00081.x
PDBFF & INPA-SI. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais [online]. Available from http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br [accessed 21 Aug. 2014].
Petersen B. 1968. Some novelties in presumed males of Leptanillinae (Hym., Formicidae). Entomolo-giske Meddelelser 36: 577–598.
Pilgrim E.M., Dohlen C.D. von & Pitts J.P. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zoologica Scripta 37: 539–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00340.x
Rabeling C., Brown J.M. & Verhaagh M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences B 105: 14913–14917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806187105
Radchenko A.G. 1994. Identification table for the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of southern Siberia. [In Russian.]. Trudy Zapovednika “Daurskii” 3: 1–147.
Radchenko A. 2005. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici 55: 127–221.
Saux C., Fisher B.L. & Spicer G.S. 2004. Dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28S rDNA sequences and implications for ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 457–468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.017
Schmidt C. 2013. Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa 3647: 201–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1
Schmidt C.A. & Shattuck S.O. 2014. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa 3817: 1–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1
Shattuck S.O. 1992. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 21: 1–181.
Smith M.R. 1943. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States. The American Midland Naturalist 30: 273–321.
Vasconcelos H.L., Carvalho K.S. & Delabie J.H.C. 2001. Landscape modifications and ant communities. In: Bierregaard Jr., Gascon C., Lovejoy T.E. & Mesquita R.C.G. (eds) Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest: 199–207. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vilhelmsen L., Mikó I. & Krogmann L. 2010. Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 22–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00576.x
Ward P.S. 1990. The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology 15: 449–489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1990.tb00077.x
Ward P.S. 2014. The phylogeny and evolution of ants. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45: 2.1–2.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091824
Ward P.S. & Brady S.G. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 361–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS02046
Ward P.S., Brady S.G., Fisher B.L. & Schultz T.R. 2010. Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference. Systematic Biology 59: 342-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq012
Ward P.S., Brady S.G., Fisher B.L. & Schultz T.R. 2015. The evolution of myrmicine ants: Phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 40: 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12090
Wheeler G.C. & Wheeler E.W. 1930. Two new ants from Java. Psyche 37: 193–201.
Wheeler G.C. & Wheeler E.W. 1976. Ant larvae: Review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 7: 1–108.
Wheeler G.C. & Wheeler J. 1972. The subfamilies of Formicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 35–45.
Wheeler G.C. & Wheeler J. 1985. A simplified conspectus of the Formicidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 111: 255–264.
Wheeler W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. Columbia University Press, New York.
Wheeler W.M. 1915 (1914). The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 55: 1–142.
Wheeler W.M. 1923. Social life among the insects. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.
Wilson E.O. 1955. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 113: 1–201.
Wilson E.O. 1985. Ants from the Cretaceous and Eocene amber of North America. Psyche 92: 205–216.
Wilson E.O., Carpenter F.M. & Brown W.L. Jr. 1967. The first Mesozoic ants, with a description of a new subfamily. Psyche 74: 1–19.
Wilson E.O., Eisner T., Wheeler G.C. & Wheeler J. 1956. Aneuretus simoni Emery, a major link in ant evolution. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 115: 81–99.
Yamane S., Bui T.V. & Eguchi K. 2008. Opamyrma hungvuong, a new genus and species of ant related to Apomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae). Zootaxa 1767: 55–63.
Yoshimura M. & Fisher B.L. 2007. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa 1654: 21–40.
Yoshimura M. & Fisher B.L. 2011. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinae. Zootaxa 2794: 1–34.
Yoshimura M. & Fisher B.L. 2012a. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer. PLoS ONE 7: e3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033325
Yoshimura M. & Fisher B.L. 2012b. A revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Adetomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae). Zootaxa 3341: 1–31.
Yoshimura M. & Onoyama K. 2002. Male-based keys to the subfamilies and genera of Japanese ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 5: 421–443.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.