The polyclads (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific: Commented checklist and description of a new species
Abstract
In the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), while knowledge of the order Polycladida is longstanding, at the moment no study has synthesized how many and which species are known from this region. In this work, a new species of polyclad from the Oaxaca coast, Callioplana marianae sp. nov., is described. It is characterized by a beige background with light brown and white pigmentation, nipple-shaped nuchal tentacles, cerebral and tentacular eyes, an oval seminal vesicle, a penis papilla armed with a filiform stylet, and a tripartite Y-shaped Lang’s vesicle. An exhaustive review of polyclad studies in the TEP over 173 years (1851–2024) yielded a checklist of 82 species belonging to 53 genera and 22 families have been recorded, with 53 species (66.25%) first described in the region. The countries with the highest number of recorded species are Mexico (45 spp.), Ecuador (18 spp.), Costa Rica (10 spp.), Panama (10 spp.), and Peru (7 spp.). The family with the most species in the region was Leptoplanidae (9 spp.). The best represented genera were Leptoplana (5 spp.) and Paraplanocera (4 spp.). Planocera pellucida, Paraplanocera oligoglena, and Pseudobiceros splendidus are species with pantropical distribution. Koinostylochus burchami and Armatoplana panamensis have the deepest known distributions at 70 and 73 meters, respectively.
References
Bahia J., Padula V., Passeri Lavrado H. & Quiroga S. 2014. Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of new species. Zootaxa 3873 (5): 495–525. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3
Blainville D de. 1826–1830. Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles. Art. Planaire in Tom. 41, 1826: 204–218. Art. Vers in Tom. 57, 1828: 530, 577–579. F.G. Levrault, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.42219
Bock S. 1913. Studien über Polycladen. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala 2: 29–344. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/77255 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Bock S. 1923. Polycladen aus Juan Fernandez. In: Skottsberg C. (ed.) The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island. Zoology 3: 341–372. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, Uppsala. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.41367
Bock S. 1925. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. XXVII. Planarians, Pt. III. Polyclads living together with pagurids Petrochirus californiensis Boucrez. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fran Dansk naturhistorisk Forening 79: 48–84. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/60461980 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Boone E. 1929. Five new polyclads from the California. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 3 (13): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932908672934
Brusca R.C. 1980. Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Brusca R.C. 2005. Platyhelminthes & Nemertea. In: Hendricky M.E., Brusca R.C. & Findley L.T. (eds) Listado y Distribución de la Macrofauna del Golfo de California, México: 1–429. Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson.
Canning-Clode J. 2009. Latitudinal patterns of species richness in hard-bottom communities. In: Wahl M. (ed.) Marine Hard Bottom Communities: Patterns Dynamics, Diversity and Change. Ecological Studies: 81–87. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/b76710_5
Cheng L. & Lewin R.A. 1975. Flatworms afloat. Nature 258: 518–519. https://doi.org/10.1038/258518a0
Cuadrado D., Moro L. & Noreña C. 2017. The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records. Zootaxa 4312 (1): 38–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.2
Cuadrado D., Rodríguez J., Moro L., Grande C. & Noreña C. 2021. Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) from Cape Verde and related regions of Macaronesia. European Journal of Taxonomy 736: 1–43. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.736.1249
Curini-Galletti M. & Campus P. 2007. Boninia neotethydis sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) the first lessepsian flatworm. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055014
Curini-Galletti M., Campus P. & Delogu V. 2008. Thaema mediterranea sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida), the first interstitial polyclad from the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology 75 (1): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000701690525
Darwin C. 1844. Brief descriptions of several terrestrial planariae and of some remarkable marine species, with an account of their habits. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14: 241–251. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2331635 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Diesing K.M. 1850. Systema Helminthum, Vol. 1. W. Braumüller, Wien [Vindobonae].
Diesing K.M. 1862. Revision der Turbellarien. Abtheilung: Dendrocoelen. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 44: 485–578.
Du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1965. Drei neue neotropische Turbellarien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (N.F.) 5: 129–135.
Ehlers U. 1986. Comments on a phylogenetic system of the Platyhelminthes. Hydrobiology 132: 1–12. Available from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046222 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Ehrenberg C.G. 1836. Über die Akalephen des rothen Meeres und der Organismus der Medusen der Ostsee. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1835: 181–260. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.141930
Faubel A. 1983. The Polycladida, Turbellaria proposal and establishment of a new system part I. The Acotylea. Mitteilungen des Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 80: 17–121.
Faubel A. 1984a. On the geographical occurrence of pelagic polyclad turbellarians. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 25: 153–168.
Faubel A. 1984b.The Polycladida, Turbellaria proposal and establishment of a new system part. II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 81: 189–259.
Faubel A., Sluys R. & Reid D.G. 2007. A new genus and species of polyclad flatworm found in the mantle cavities of gastropod mollusks in the high-intertidal zone of the Pacific coast of Central America. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055245
Fiedler P.C. & Talley L.D. 2006. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography 69: 143–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.008
Freeman D. 1933. The polyclads of the San Juan of Puget Sound. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 52 (2): 107–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/3222188
Gamboa-Contreras J.A. & Tapia-García M. 1998. Invertebrados bentónicos de la plataforma continental interna. In: Tapia-García M. (ed.) El Golfo de Tehuantepec. El Ecosistema y sus Recursos: 103–128. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, D.F.
González N.E. & Salazar-Vallejo S.I. 1996. Simbiosis entre Colisella spp. (Gastropoda) y Zygantroplana ups (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) en el Golfo de California, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 44 (1): 97–105.
Graff L. 1892. Pelagische Polycladen. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 55: 189–219. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43245407 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Hastings P.A. 2000. Biogeography of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: distribution and phylogeny of chaenopsid fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00166.x
Heath H. & McGregor E.A. 1912. New polyclads from Monterey Bay, California. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 64: 455–488. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1695113 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Hooge M.D. & Newman L.J. 2009. Turbellarians (Acoelomorpha and free-living platyhelminthes) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder D.L. & Camp D.K. (eds) Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity: 413–418. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.
Hyman L.H. 1939a. Some polyclads of the New England coast, especially of the woods hole region. Biological Bulletin 76 (2): 127–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1537854
Hyman L.H. 1939b. Polyclad worms collected on the presidential cruise of 1938. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 98 (17): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4785
Hyman L.H. 1939c. Acoel and Polyclad turbellaria from Bermuda and the sargassum. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 7 (1): 1–38.
Hyman L.H. 1951. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchooela. The Acoelomate Bilateria. MCGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
Hyman L.H. 1953a. The polyclad flatworm of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 100 (2): 265–392. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1028 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Hyman L.H. 1953b. Some polyclad flatworms from the Galapagos Islands. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 15 (2): 183–210. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4160248 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Hyman L.H. 1954. Some polyclad flatworms from the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 8: 331–336.
Hyman L.H. 1955a. Some polyclad flatworms from Polynesia and Micronesia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105 (3352): 65–82. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.105-3352.65
Hyman L.H. 1955b. The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Additions and corrections. American Museum Novitates 1704: 1–11. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/2246/4856 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Hyman L.H. 1955c. Some polyclad flatworms from the west Indies and Florida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 104 (3341): 115–150. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.104-3341.115
Hyman L.H. 1955d. A further study of the polyclad flatworms of the west indian region. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 5 (4): 259–268.
ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. Available from https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/ [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Kato K. 1936. Notes on Paraplanocera. Japanese Journal of Zoology 7: 21–29.
Ken-Ichi T., Raj U., Horiuchi S. & Koshida Y. 1991. Polyclad turbellarians collected on the Osaka University Expedition to Viti Leve, Fiji, in 1985, with remarks on distribution and phylogeny of the genus Discoplana. Hydrobiology 227: 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027619
Laidlaw F.F. 1902. The marine Turbellaria, with an account of the anatomy of some of the species. In: Gardiner J.S. (ed.) The Fauna and Geography of the Malvide and Laccadive Archipelagoes: 282–312. University Press, Cambridge.
Laidlaw F.F. 1903. On a collection of Turbellaria Polycladida from the Straits of Malacca. (Skeat Expedition 1899–1900). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1903: 301–318. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31598909 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Laidlaw F.F. 1906. On the marine fauna of the Cape Verde Islands, from collections made in 1904 by Mr. C. Crossland. The Polyclad Turbellaria. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1906: 705–719. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31208450 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Lamothe-Argumedo R., García-Prieto L., Osorio-Sarabia D. & Pérez-Ponce de León G. 1997. Catálogo de la Colección nacional de Helmintos. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología.
Lang A. 1884. Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrensenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 11: 1–688. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10545
Laumer C.E., Hejnol A. & G. Giribet. 2015. Nuclear genomic signals of the ‘microturbellarian’ roots of platyhelminth evolutionary innovation. eLife 4: 1–31. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05503
LeConte L. 1851. Zoological notes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia 5: 316–320. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1642992 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Lee J., Davidson T.M. & Torchin M.E. 2021. Variable host responses mediate host preference in marine flatworm–snail symbioses. PLoS ONE 16 (3): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247551
Lesson R.P. 1830. Zoophytes. In: Voyage autour du monde: exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825. Zoologie. Tome 2, 1e Partie. Arthus Bertrand, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57936
Lin H.N, Wang K.L., Wu Z.H., Tian R.M., Liu G.Z. & Xu Y. 2017. Biological and chemical diversity of bacteria associated with a marine flatworm. Marine Drugs 15 (281): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15090281
Litvaitis M.K., Bolaños D.M. & Quiroga S.Y. 2019. Systematic congruence in Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora): are DNA and morphology telling the same story? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 865–891. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz007
Marcus E. 1947. Turbelários marinos do Brasil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras. Universidade de São Paulo. Zoologia 12: 9–215. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1947.125220
Marcus E. 1950. Turbellaria Brasileiros (8). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras. Universidade de São Paulo. Zoologia 15: 5–191. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1950.125192
Marcus E. 1954. Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia 11 (24): 419–489. Available from https://doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.1954.11p419-489 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Marcus E. & Harry H.W. 1982. A polyclad turbellarian from oysters in the gulf of California. Boletim da Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo 7: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3358.bolzoo.1983.122036
Marcus E. & Marcus E. 1968. Polycladida from Curaçao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 26: 1–11. Available from https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/506072 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Martín-Durán J.M. & Egger B. 2012. Developmental diversity in free-living flatworms. EvoDevo 3 (7): 1–2. https://evodevojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-9139-3-7
Mertens H. 1832–1833. Untersuchungen über den inneren Bau verschiedener in der See lebender Planarien. Mémoires de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. 6ème Série, Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles 2: 3–17. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55629650 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Moseley H.N. 1877. On Stylochus pelagicus, a new species of pelagic planarian, with notes on other pelagic species, on the larval forms of Thysanozoon, and of a gymnosomatous pteropod. Microscopical Journal 17: 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.s2-17.65.23
Newman L.J. & Cannon L.R.G. 1994. Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocerotidae) from Eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 37 (1): 205–266. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40127076 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Newman L.J & Cannon L.R.G. 1996a. New genera of pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes; Polycladida) from Australian and Papua New Guinean coral reefs. Journal of Natural History 30: 1425–1441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939600770811
Newman L.J & Cannon L.R.G. 1996b. Bulaceros, new genus and Tytthosoceros, new genus (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocerotidae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 44: 479–492. Available from https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/44rbz479-492.pdf [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Newman L.J. & Cannon L.R.G. 1997. A new semi-terrestrial acotylean flatworm, Myoramyxa pardalota gen. et sp. nov. (Plehniidae, Polycladida) from southeast Queensland and Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 311–314. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/50853 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Newman L.J. & Cannon L.R.G. 2003. Marine Flatworms: The World of Polyclads. Csiro Publishing, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101197
Örsted A.S. 1844. Entwurf einer systematischen Einteilung und speciellen Beschreibung der Plattwuermer auf microscopische Untersuchungen gegruendet. 1. Fam. Cryptocoela, 2. Fam. Dendrocoela, 3. Fam. Rhabdocoela. J.C. Scharling, Copenhagen.
Özdikmen H. 2010. A new family and two genera names for Turbellaria (Platyhelminthes). Munis Entomology & Zoology Journal 5 (1): 115–117.
Pineda-López R.F. 1981. Estudio Taxonómico de algunos Turbelarios de las Costas de México. Tesis de Licenciatura en Biología, UNAM.
Pineda-López R. & González-Bulnes L. 1984. Turbelarios de México II. Descripción de un género y especie nuevo de policládidos ectocomensales de arqueogasterópodos del Pacífico mexicano. Universidad y Ciencia 1 (1): 1–9.
Plehn M. 1896. Neue Polycladen gesammelt von Herrn Kapitän Chierchia bei der Erdumschiffung der Korvett Vettor Pisani, von Herrn Prof. Dr. Kükenthal im nordlichem Eismeer und von Herrn Prof. Dr. Semon in Java. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 30: 137–176. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11878167 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Prudhoe S. 1945. XIX.— On the species of the polyclad genus Paraplanocera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11 12 (87): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934508527505
Prudhoe S. 1950. LXII.— On the taxonomy of two species of pelagic polyclad turbellarians. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 3 (32): 710–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935008654095
Prudhoe S. 1968. A new polyclad turbellarian associating with a hermit crab in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 22: 408–411. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54292480 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Prudhoe S. 1978. Some polyclad turbellarians new to the fauna of the Australia coasts. Records of the Australian Museum 31 (14): 586–604. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.31.1978.205
Prudhoe S. 1985. A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Prudhoe S. 1989. Polyclad turbellarians recorded from African waters. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 55: 47–96. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40541046 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Quiroga Y.S., Bolaños D.M. & Litvaitis M.K. 2004. A checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. Zootaxa 633: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1317.1.1
Quiroga Y.S., Bolaños M. & Litvaitis M.K. 2006. First description of deep-sea polyclad flatworms from the North Pacific: Anocellidus n. gen. profundus n. sp. (Anocellidae, n. fam.) and Oligocladus voightae n. sp. (Euryleptidae). Zootaxa 1317: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1317.1.1
Ramos-Sánchez M., Bahia J. & Bastida-Zavala J.R. 2019. New genus, new species and new records of marine acotyleans flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific. Zootaxa 4700 (1): 30–58. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4700.1.2
Ramos-Sánchez M., Bahia J. & Bastida-Zavala J.R. 2020. Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific. Zootaxa 4819 (1): 49–83. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.3
Ramos-Sánchez M., Carrasco-Rodríguez D.S., García-Madrigal M.S. & Bastida-Zavala J.R. 2021. Marine flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) found in empty barnacle shells, including a new species, from southern Mexican Pacific. Zootaxa 4965 (2): 301–320. https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4965.2.5
Rawlinson K.A. 2008. Biodiversity of coastal polyclad flatworm assemblages in the wider Caribbean. Marine Biology 153: 769–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0845-3
Reyes J., Velásquez-Rodriguez K., Severino R. & Brusa F. 2020. New record of Phrikoceros inca (Polycladida, Cotylea) from the central coast of Peru, with a review of polyclads known from Peruvian waters. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 57 (3): 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2020.1861889
Salazar-Vallejo S. & Londoño-Mesa M.H. 2004. Lista de especies y bibliografía de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 75 (1): 9–97.
Salgado-Maldonado G. & López-Jiménez S. 1981. Observaciones sobre turbeláridos del género Stylochus (Polycladida: Stylochidea) recolectados en bancos ostrícolas de San Blas, Nayarit. Descripción de una especie. Instituto de Biología 51 (1): 11–28.
Schmarda L.K. 1859. Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Erster Band (erste Halfte): Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45359791 [accessed 2 Aug, 2023].
Schmarda L.K. 1861. Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise un die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Erster Band (zweite Halfte) Turbellarian, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50385225 [accessed 2 Aug, 2023].
Smith E.H. 1961. A new commensal polyclad from Panama. The Veliger 4: 69–70. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42498918 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Sopott-Ehlers B. & Schmidt P. 1975. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos XIV. Polycladida (Turbellaria). Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens 54: 193–222.
Soutullo P., Cuadrado D. & Noreña C. 2021. First study of the Polycladida (Rhabditophora, Platyhelminthes) from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Zootaxa 4964 (2): 363–381. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4964.2.7
Spalding D.M., Fox H.E., Allen D.R., Davidson N., Ferdaña Z.A., Finlayson M., Halpern B.S, Jorge M.A., Lombana A., Lourie S.A., Martin K.D., McManus E., Molnar J., Recchia C.A. & Robertson J. 2007. Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57 (7): 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707
Stimpson W. 1857. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars I, Turbellaria Dendrocoela. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9: 19–31. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51447
Stummer-Traunfels R. 1933. Polyclad. In: Bronn H.G. (ed.) Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. Vermes: 3485–3596. Leipzig.
Tosetto L., McNab J.M., Hutchings P.A., Rodríguez J. & Williamson J.E. 2023. Fantastic flatworms and where to find them: Insights into intertidal polyclad flatworm fistribution in Southeastern Australian Boulder Beaches. Diversity 15 (3): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030393
Tsuyuki A., Oya Y. & Kajihara H. 2021. Two new species of the marine flatworm Pericelis (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from southwestern Japan with an amendment of the generic diagnosis based on phylogenetic inference. Marine Biology Research 17: 9–10, 946–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2022.2048669
Tyler S., Artois T., Schilling S., Hooge M. & Bush L.F. (eds) 2006–2023. World List of Turbellarian Worms: Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora. Polycladida. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species from https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2853 [accessed 2 Agus. 2023].
Verrill A.E. 1900. Additions to the Turbellaria, Nemertina and Annelida of the Bermudas. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10 (2): 596–670. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7035
Westheide W. 1991. The meiofauna of the Galapagos. In: Matthew J.J. (ed.) Galapagos Marine Invertebrates. Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Evolution in Darwin’s Islands: 37–73. Topics in Geobiology 8. Springer Science+Business Media New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0646-5_3
Woodworth W. 1894. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer “Albatross” during 1891. IX. Report on the Turbellaria. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard College 25: 49–52. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4179619 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
WoRMS Editorial Board 2024. World Register of Marine Species. Available from https://www.marinespecies.org [accessed 2 Aug. 2023]. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Yeri M. & Kaburaki T. 1918. Description of some Japanese polyclad Turbellaria. Journal of the College of Science, Tokio Imperical University 39 (9): 1–54. Available from https://biostor.org/reference/144400 [accessed 2 Aug. 2023].
Copyright (c) 2024 Mariela Ramos-Sánchez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.
