A new species and a new record of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Cirratulida) from Loki’s Castle vent field
Abstract
Deep-sea research is a very active field in which environments such as hydrothermal vents are of particular interest because they host a unique and often endemic fauna. In this paper, we describe a new species of the genus Caulleriella Chamberlin, 1919 (Annelida, Cirratulidae Ryckholt, 1851) and report the presence of Raricirrus arcticus Buzhinskaja & Smirnov, 2017 at Loki’s Castle vent field (LCVF), which is the first detailed report of this species since the original description. Both species are illustrated and similarities with closely related species are discussed. We provide genetic data for COI, 16S and 28S for both species. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the identity of each species and the monophyly of each genus. Caulleriella jormungandri sp. nov., in addition to being common at LCVF, is recorded from stations without any known chemosynthesis-based environments, suggesting this species to be a part of the background fauna. Raricirrus arcticus was originally described from a cold seep, and with the new records from the Loki’s Castle hydrothermal vent, it is considered to be a specialist of chemosynthesis-based ecosystems and the geographic distribution of the species is vastly expanded from the Laptev Sea to the Nordic Seas.
References
Alalykina I.L. 2022. Composition and distribution of polychaete assemblages associated with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the Bering Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 206: 105192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105192
Blake J. 2018. Bitentaculate Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected chiefly during cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, USNS Eltanin, USGC Glacier, R/V Hero, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, and R/V Polarstern from the Southern Ocean, Antarctica and off Western South America. Zootaxa 4537 (1): 1–130. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4537.1.1
Blake J.A. 2019. New species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, North Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 46292 (2): 151–187. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4629.2.1
Blake J. 2021. New species and records of Caulleriella (Annelida, Cirratulidae from shelf and slope depths of the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4990 (2): 253–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.3
Blake J. & Magalhães W.F. 2017. Family Cirratulidae Ryckholt, 1851. In: Westheide W. & Purschke G. (eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Brix S., Meissner K., Stransky B., Halanych K., Jennings R.M. & Svavarsson J. 2014. The IceAGE project — a follow up of BIOICE. Polish Polar Research 35 (2): 141–150.
Buzhinskaja G.N. & Smirnov R.V. 2017. A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta, Ctenodrilidae) from the continental slope of the the Laptev Sea near the Gakkel Ridge. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science 321(4): 425–432. https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2017.321.4.425
Carr C.M., Hardy S.M., Brown T.M., Macdonald T.A. & Hebert P.D.N. 2011. A Tri Oceanic Perspective: DNA Barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS ONE 6: e22232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022232
Chamberlin R.V. 1919. The Annelida Polychaeta [Albatross Expeditions]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 48: 1–514. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49195
Danovaro R., Fanelli E., Aguzzi J., Billet D., Carugati L., Corinaldesi C., Dell’Anno A., Gjerde K., Jamieson A.J., Kark S., McClain C., Levin L., Levin N., Ramirez-Llodra E., Ruhl H., Smith C.R., Snelgrove P.V.R., Thomsen L., Van Dover C.L. & Yasuhara M. 2020. Ecological variables for developing a global deep-ocean monitoring and conservation strategy. Nature Ecology and Evolution 4: 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1091-z
Dean H.K. 1995 A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108 (2): 169–179.
Dean H.K. & Blake J.A. 2007. Chaetozone and Caulleriella (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, with the description of eight new species. Zootaxa 1451: 41–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1451.1.2
Edgard R.C. 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic acids research 32 (5): 1792–1799. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
Eilertsen M.H., Georgieva M.N., Kongsrud J.A., Linse K., Wiklund H., Glover A.G. & Rapp H.T. 2018. Genetic connectivity from the Arctic to the Antarctic: Sclerolinum contortum and Nicomache lokii (Annelida) are both widespread in reducing environments. Scientific Reports 8: 4810. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23076-0
Eilertsen M.H., Kongsrud J.A., Tandberg A.H.S., Alvestad T., Budaeva N., Martell L., Ramalho S.P., Falkenhaug T., Huys R., Oug E., Bakken T., Høisæter T., Rauch C., Carvalho F.C., Savchenko A.S., Ulvatn T., Kongshavn K., Berntsen C.M., Rydland Olsen B. & Pedersen R.B. 2024. Diversity, habitat endemicity and trophic ecology of the fauna of Loki’s Castle vent field on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Scientific Reports 14: 103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46434-z
Folmer O., Black M., Hoeh W., Lutz R. & Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
Geller J., Meyer C., Parker M. & Hawk H. 2013. Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all-taxa biotic surveys. Molecular Ecology Resources 13: 851–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12138
Hartman O. 1961. Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 25: 1–226. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5214802 [accessed 15 Nov. 2024].
Hoang D.T., Chernomor O., von Haeseler A., Minh B.Q. & Vinh L.S. 2018. UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 (2): 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
Hutchings P. & Kupriyanova E. 2018. Cosmopolitan polychaetes – fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics 32 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17035
Jimi N., Fujimoto S., Fujiwara Y., Oguchi K. & Miura T. 2022. Four new species of Ctenodrilus, Raphidrilus, and Raricirrus (Cirratuliformia, Annelida) in Japanese waters, with notes on their phylogenetic position. PeerJ 10: e13044. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13044
Kalyaanamoorthy S., Minh B.Q., Wong T.K.F., von Haeseler A. & Jermiin L.S. 2017. ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
Katoh K., Rozewicki J. & Yamada K.D. 2017. MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20 (4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108
Kelley D.S. & Shank T.M. 2010. Hydrothermal systems: A decade of discovery in slow spreading environments. In: Rona P.A., Devey C.W., Dyment J. & Murton B.J. (eds) Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges.
Kongsrud J.A. & Rapp H.T. 2012. Nicomache (Loxochona) lokii sp. nov. (Annelida: Polychaeta: Maldanidae) from the Loki’s Castle vent field: an important structure builder in an Arctic vent system. Polar Biology 35: 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1048-4
Kongsrud J.A., Eilertsen M.H., Alvestad T., Kongshavn K. & Rapp H.T. 2017. New species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Arctic Loki Castle vent field. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 137: 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.015
Langerhans P. 1880. Die Wurmfauna von Madeira. III. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 34 (1): 87–143. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42353743 [accessed 15 Nov. 2024].
Larsson A. 2014. AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30 (22): 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Le H.L.V., Lecointre G. & Perasso R. 1993. A 28S rRNA based phylogeny of the gnathostomes: First steps in the analysis of conflict and congruences with morphologically based cladograms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2 (1): 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1993.1005
Letunic I. & Bork P. 2021. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Research 49 (1): 293–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab301
Levin L.A., Baco A.R., Bowden D.A., Colaco A., Cordes E.E., Cunha M.R., Demopoulos A.W.J., Gobin J., Grupe B.M., Le J., Metaxas A., Netburn A.N., Rouse G.W., Thurber A.R., Tunnicliffe V., Van Dover C.L., Vanreusel A. & Watling L. 2016. Hydrothermal vents and methane seeps: Rethinking the sphere of influence. Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00072
Magalhães W.F., Linse K. & Wiklund H. 2017. A new species of Raricirrus (Annelida: Cirratuliformia) from deep-water sunken wood off California. Zootaxa 4353 (1): 51–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.3
Maureaud A.A., Reygondeau G., Ingenloff K., Vigneron J.C., Watling L., Winner K. & Jetz W. 2023. A global biogeographic regionalization of the benthic ocean. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/nkjvf
Meca M.A., Kongsrud J.A., Kongshavn K., Alvestad T., Meißner K. & Budaeva N. 2024. Diversity of Orbiniella (Orbiniidae, Annelida) in the North Atlantic and the Arctic. ZooKeys 1205: 51–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1205.120300
McIntosh W.C. 1916. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. No. 39.1. On the colouration of Caesicirrus neglectus, Arwidsson. 2. On Cirratulus (bioculatus) incertus, M’I. 3. On the British Serpulidae, with a note of those procured in the ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions and those obtained by Canon Norman in Norwegian waters. 4. On a Placostegus, from the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 18: 161–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931608693835
Miller M.A., Pfeiffer W. & Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Minh B.Q., Schmidt H.K., Chernomor O., Schrempf D., Woodhams M.D., von Haeseler A. & Lanfear R. 2020. IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37 (5): 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Moalic Y., Desbruyères D., Duarte C.M., Rozenfeld A.F., Bachraty C. & Arnaud-Haond S. 2012. Biogeography revisited with network theory: retracing the history of hydrothermal vent communities. Systematic Biology 61 (1): 127. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr088
Nekhaev I. 2022. Skenea profunda (Vetigastropoda: Skeneidae) in the central Arctic. Ruthenica 32 (2): 105–109. https://doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2022.32(3).2
Nygren A., Parapar J., Pons J., Meißner K., Bakken T., Kongsrud J.A., Oug E., Gaeva D., Sikorski A., Johansen R.A., Hutchings P.A., Lavesque N. & Capa M. 2018. A mega-cryptic species complex hidden among one of the most common annelids in the North East Atlantic. PLoS ONE 13 (6): e0198356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198356
Oug E., Bakken T., Kongsrud J.A. & Alvestad T. 2017. Polychaetous annelids in the deep Nordic Seas: Strong bathymetric gradients, low diversity and underdeveloped taxonomy. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 137: 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.06.016
Palumbi S.R. 1996. Nucleic acid II: The polymerase chain reaction. In: Hillis D.M. & Mable B.K. (eds) Molecular Systematics: 205–247. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Passamaneck Y.J., Schander C. & Halanych K.M. 2004. Investigation of molluscan phylogeny using large-subunit and small-subunit nuclear rRNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (1): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.016
Pedersen R.B., Rapp H.T., Thorseth I.H., Lilley M.D., Barriga F.J., Baumberger T., Flesland K., Fonseca R., Früh-Green G.L. & Jorgensen S.L. 2010. Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Nature Communications 1: e126. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1124
Portail M, Olu K., Dubois S.F., Escobar-Briones E., Gelinas Y., Menot L. & Sarrazin J. 2016. Food-web complexity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. PLoS ONE 11 (9): e0162263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162263
Ramirez-Llodra E., Shank T.M. & German C.R. 2007. Biodiversity and biogeography of hydrothermal vent species: thirty years of discovery and investigations. Oceanography 20: 30–41. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.78
Ritt B., Sarrazin J., Caprais J.-C., Noël P., Gauthier O., Pierre C., Henry P. & Desbruyères D. 2010. First insights into the structure and environmental setting of cold-seep communities in the Marmara Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57 (9): 1120–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.05.011
Rogers A.D., Tyler P.A., Connelly D.P., Copley J.T., James R., Larter R.D., Linse K., Mills R.A., Naveira Garabato A., Pancost R.D., Pearce D.A., Polunin N.V.C., German C.R., Shank T., Boersch-Supan P.H., Alker B.J., Aquilina A., Bennett S.A., Clarke A., ... & Zwirglmaier K. 2012. The discovery of new deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities in the Southern Ocean and implications for biogeography. PLoS Biology 10 (1): e1001234. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234
Schander C., Rapp H.T., Kongsrud J.A., Bakken T., Berge J., Cochrane S., Oug E., Byrkjedal I., Todt C., Cedhagen T., Fosshagen A., Gebruk A., Larsen K., Levin L., Obst M., Pleijel F., Stöhr S., Warén A., Mikkelsen N.T., ... & Pedersen R.B. 2010. The fauna of hydrothermal vents on the Mohn Ridge (North Atlantic). Marine Biology Research 6 (2): 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000903147450
Sellanes J., Zapata-Hernández G., Pantoja S. & Jessen G.L. 2011. Chemosynthetic trophic support for the benthic community at an intertidal cold seep site at Mocha Island off central Chile. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 95 (4): 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.10.016
Struck T.H., Purschke G. & Halanych K.M. 2006. Phylogeny of Eunicida (Annelida) and exploring data congruence using a Partition Addition Bootstrap Alteration (PABA) approach. Systematic Biology 55 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354910
Sweetman A.K., Levin L.A., Rapp H.T. & Schander C. 2013. Faunal trophic structure at hydrothermal vents on the southern Mohn’s Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 473: 115–131. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10050
Van Dover C.L. German C.R., Speer, K.G., Parson L.M. & Vrijenhoek R.C. 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253–1257. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067361
Van Dover C.L., Anraud-Haond S., Gianni M., Helmreich S., Huber J.A., Jaeckel A., Metaxas A., Pendleton L.H., Petersen S. & Ramirez-Llodra E. 2018. Scientific rationale and international obligations for protection of active hydrothermal vent ecosystems from deep-sea mining. Marine Policy 90: 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.020
Vrijenhoek R.C. 2010. Genetic diversity and connectivity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent metapopulations. Molecular Ecology 19 (20): 4391–4411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04789.x
Zapata-Hernández G., Sellanes J., Thurber A.R., Levin L.A., Chazalon F. & Linke P. 2014. New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S). Marine Ecology 35 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12051
Copyright (c) 2025 Maël Grosse, Jon Anders Kongsrud, Tom Alvestad, Mari Heggernes Eilertsen, Nataliya Budaeva
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT PERMITTED to post their submitted work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on personal websites) prior to publication, as it may lead to nomenclatural issues.
