Kurt Ockelmann's unpublished studies on the Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the North Atlantic, held in the Natural History Museum of Denmark
Abstract
The archive of illustrations and graphics relating to the research of Kurt Ockelmann (1924–2021) on the bivalve family Thyasiridae is reviewed. Although he published only one short paper on the family, the archive reveals that he undertook a substantial series of studies and shows his continuing influence on the taxonomy and life history of this family in the North Atlantic. Ockelmann was the first to recognise amphi-Atlantic species, their life habits and larval biology. He mapped the distribution of 19 species, drew their prodissoconchs and made superb drawings of the adult shell and their hinges. He made accurate anatomical diagrams of representative species of the genera. Given the excellence of illustrations many are reproduced here, as they are among the best available and a valuable resource when identifying species.
References
Allen J.A. 2008. Bivalvia of the deep Atlantic. Malacologia 50 (1–2): 57–173. https://doi.org/10.4002/0076-2997-50.1.57
Ankel W.E. 1972. Gunnar Thorson in memoriam. Marine Biology 16: 183–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346939
Atkins D. 1937. On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs. Part III. Types of lamellibranch gills and their food currents. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 79: 375–421. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.s2-79.315.375
Barry P.J. & McCormack G.P. 2007. Two new species of Adontorhina Berry, 1947 (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) from the Porcupine Bank, off the west coast of Ireland. Zootaxa 1526 (1): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1526.1.2
Blacknell W.M. 1973. Aspects of the Biology of Thyasira gouldi (Philippi) and its Copepod Parasite Axinophilus thyasirae (Bresciani & Ockelmann). PhD thesis, University of Stirling, Scotland.
Bouchet P. & Warén A. 1979. The abyssal molluscan fauna of the Norwegian Sea and its relation to other faunas. Sarsia 64: 211–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1979.10411383
Bowden J. & Heppell D. 1968. Revised list of British Mollusca. 2. Unionacea – Cardiacea. Journal of Conchology 26 (4): 237–272. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.407495
Cadee G.C. 1968. Molluscan biocoenoses and thanatocoenoses from the Ria de Arosa, Galicia, Spain. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 95: 1–121.
Carney R.S. 2005. Zonation of deep biota on continental margins. In: Gibson R.N., Atkinson R.J.A. & Gordon J.D.M. (eds) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual Review 43: 211–279. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420037449-8
Carrozza F. 1981. Thyasira alleni n. sp. Bollettino Malacologico 17: 9–10.
Clark A.H. 1961. Abyssal mollusks from the South Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 125: 345–387.
Coan E.V. & Kabat A.R. 2017. The malacological contributions of Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808–1904). Malacologia 60 (1–2): 31–322. https://doi.org/10.4002/040.060.0108
Dando P.R. & Southward E.C. 1986. Chemoautotrophy in bivalve molluscs of the genus Thyasira. Journal of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom 66 (4): 915–929. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400048529
Dando P.R., Hawkins S.J., Tunnicliffe V. & Mieszkowska N. 2024. Obituary: Eve Caroline Southward (née Judges) 1930–2023. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 104: e66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315424000018
Dufour S.C. 2005. Gill anatomy and the evolution of symbiosis in the bivalve family Thyasiridae. Biological Bulletin 208 (3): 200–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/3593152
Forbes E. 1844. Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on geology. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1843: 130–193.
Higgins A.K. 2010. Exploration history of northern East Greenland. GEUS Bulletin 21: 17–116. Available from https://www.geus.dk/media/13651/nr21_p017–116.pdf [accessed 5 Nov. 2024].
Høisæter T. 1986. An annotated check-list of the marine molluscs of the Norwegian Coast and adjacent waters. Sarsia 71: 73–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1986.10419676
Huber M. 2015. Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8,500 Bivalve Species and 10,500 Synonyms. ConchBooks, Harxheim, Germany.
Jeffreys J.G. 1847. Additional notices on British shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20: 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/037454809496005
Jeffreys J.G. 1864. British Conchology, or, an Account of the Mollusca which now Inhabit the British Isles and the Surrounding Seas. Volume 2. Van Voorst, London.
Jeffreys J.G. 1876. New and peculiar Mollusca of the Kellia, Cyprina and Corbula families, procured in the ‘Valorous’ expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937608682080
Jeffreys J.G. 1881. On the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868–70. (Part III). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1881: 693–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1881.tb01327.x
Jeffreys J.G. 1882. Notes on the Mollusca procured by the Italian exploration of the Mediterranean in 1881. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 5, 10: 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938209459661
Keuning R. & Schander C. 2010. Thyasira ockelmanni (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Veneroidea), a new species of Thyasiridae from the Norwegian Sea. Fauna Norvegica 30: 21–24. https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v30i0.640
Knudsen J. 1970. The systematics and biology of abyssal and hadal Bivalvia. Galathea Reports 11: 1–241.
Kristiansen O.L. 2021. A life is over: Kurt Ockelmann’s life began in the Weimar Republic and ended in Helsingør. Available from https://www.information.dk/moti/2021/05/liv-forbi-kurt-ockelmanns-liv-begyndte-weimarrepublikken-endte-helsingoer [accessed 5 Nov. 2024]. [In Danish.]
Lande E. 1975. A collection of Pelecypoda from Möre and Romsdal, western Norway. Sarsia 59 (1): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1975.10411283
Laptikhovsky V. 2006. Latitudinal and bathymetric trends in egg size variation: a new look at Thorson’s and Rass’s rules. Marine Ecology 27 (1): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00077.x
Lubinsky I. 1976. Thyasira dunbari n.sp. (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33 (8): 1667–1670. https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-212
McIntyre A.D. 1961. Quantitative differences in the fauna of boreal mud associations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 41 (3): 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400016180
MolluscaBase eds. 2025. MolluscaBase. Thyasiridae Dall, 1900 (1895). Available from https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=219 [accessed 16 Mar. 2025].
Montagu G. 1803. Testacea Britannica or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh-Water, Including the Most Minute: Systematically Arranged and Embellished with Figures. J. White, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33927
Monterosato T.A.di. 1874. Recherches conchyliologiques, effectuées au Cap Santo Vito, en Sicile. Journal de Conchyliologie 22 (3): 243–282.
Ockelmann K.W. 1954. On the interrelationships and the zoogeography of northern species of Yoldia Möller, s.str. (Mollusca, Fam. Ledidae). Meddelelser om Grønland 107 (7):1–32.
Ockelmann K.W. 1958. The Zoology of East Greenland. Marine Lamellibranchiata. Meddelelser om Grønland 122 (4): 1–256.
Ockelmann K.W. 1961. The status of Thyasira insignis, T. plana and T. inequalis, all Verrill and Bush. Nautilus 75: 50–55.
Ockelmann K.W. 1964a. Turtonia minuta (Fabricius), a neotenous Veneracean Bivalve. Ophelia 1 (1): 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1964.10416275
Ockelmann K.W. 1964b. An improved detritus-sledge for collecting meiobenthos. Ophelia 1 (2): 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1964.10416279
Ockelmann K.W. 1965. Redescription, distribution, biology, and dimorphous sperm of Montacuta tenella Lovén (Mollusca, Leptonacea). Ophelia 2 (1): 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1965.10409600
Ockelmann K.W. & Muus K. 1978. The biology, ecology and behaviour of the bivalve Mysella bidentata (Montagu). Ophelia 17 (1): 1–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1978.10425474
Oliver P.G. & Killeen I.J. 2002. The Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the British continental shelf and North Sea Oilfields. An identification manual. Studies in Marine Biodiversity and Systematics from the National Museum of Wales, BIOMÔR Reports 3: 1–73.
Payne C.M. & Allen J.A. 1991. The morphology of deep-sea Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Atlantic Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B 334 (1272): 481–562. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0128
Philippi R.A. 1845a. Bemerkungen über die Molluskenfauna von Massachusetts. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie 2: 68–79.
Philippi R.A. 1845b. Kritische Bemerkungen über einige Trochus-Arten und die Gattung Axinus. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie 1845: 87–91.
Ridewood W.G. 1903. On the structure of the gills of the Lamellibranchia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B 211: 147–284. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1903.0005
Salas C. 1996. Marine bivalves from off the Southern Iberian Peninsula collected by the Balgim and Fauna 1 expeditions. Haliotis 25: 33–100.
Sars G.O. 1878. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges arktiske Fauna. I. Mollusca Regionis Arcticae Norvegiae. Oversigt over de i Norges arktiske Region Forekommende Bløddyr. Brøgger, Christiania.
Sars M. 1870. VII. Bidrag til Kundskab om Christianiafjordens Fauna. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 17 (2–3): 113–226.
Southward E.C. 1986. Gill symbionts in thyasirids and other bivalve molluscs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66: 889–914. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400048517
Taylor J.D., Williams S.T. & Glover E.A. 2007. Evolutionary relationships of the bivalve family Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), monophyly and superfamily status. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407054409
Tebble N. 1966. British Bivalve Seashells. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Verrill A.E. 1885. Third catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species, with notes on others previously recorded. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 395–452. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7414
Verrill A.E. & Bush K.J. 1898. Revision of the deep-water Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America, with descriptions of new genera and species. Part I. Bivalvia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 20: 775–901. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1706
Warén A. 1980. Marine Mollusca described by John Gwyn Jeffreys, with the location of the type material. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Special publication 1: 1–60.
Wikander P.B. 1989. Inventering av molluskfaunen pa Skagerrak-Kysken. Norsk institutt for vannforskning. Oslo.
Wolff T. 2008. The first Danish deep-sea expedition on the Ingolf: 1895 and 1896. Earth Sciences History 27 (2): 164–187. https://doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.201558682104577l
Zelaya D.G. 2009. The genera Thyasira and Parathyasira in the Magellan region and adjacent Antarctic waters (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae). Malacologia 51 (2): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.4002/040.051.0204
Copyright (c) 2025 P. Graham Oliver

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT PERMITTED to post their submitted work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on personal websites) prior to publication, as it may lead to nomenclatural issues.
