A phylogenetic analysis based on morphology reveals the placement of Lycomesus Zaragoza-Caballero & González-Ramírez, 2019 and Lyconotus Green, 1949 within Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae), with the description of a new genus from North America
Abstract
Lycini are a species-rich tribe within the Lycinae, which are distributed across all biogeographic regions worldwide. Current classification of Lycini has been based exclusively on molecular evidence, and the North American species have been poorly represented. The placement of Lycomesus Zaragoza-Caballero & González-Ramírez, 2019 and Lyconotus Green, 1949 remains uncertain. In order to elucidate the phylogenetic position of these genera within the North American genera and to propose morphological characters that support them, we conducted phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and model-based approaches. Our morphology-based dataset included 91 adult characters from representatives of five genera and 33 species of the Lycini genera of the New and Old Worlds. We propose a new classification of the North American Lycini, consistent with the phylogenetic hypotheses. This includes the following taxa: Lycomesus Zaragoza-Caballero & González-Ramírez, 2019, Lyconotus Green, 1949 stat. rev., Lycorectus González-Ramírez & Zaragoza-Caballero gen. nov., Neolycus Bourgeois, 1883 and Rhyncheros LeConte, 1881. Additionally, we provide a key and diagnoses for all North American Lycini genera, as well as the morphological characters of males and females that define these genera. Our results indicate the necessity for a phylogenetic analysis that incorporates South American Lycini. This will enable a more precise generic classification of American Lycini.
References
Blackwelder R.E. 1945 Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Available from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/bulletinunitedst185161957unit [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Bocak L. 2002. Generic revision and phylogenetic analyses of the Metriorrhynchinae (Coleoptera: Lycidae). European Journal of Entomology 99 (3): 315–351. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2002.043
Bocak L. & Bocakova M. 1990. Revision of the supergeneric classification of the family Lycidae (Coleoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 59: 623–676.
Bocak L. & Bocakova M. 2008. Phylogeny and classification of the family Lycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annales Zoologici 58 (4): 695–720. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345408X396639
Bocak L. & Matsuda K. 2003. Review of the immature stages of the family Lycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1463–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930210125362
Bocak L. & Yagi T. 2009 Evolution of mimicry patterns in Metriorrhynchus (Coleoptera: Lycidae): The history of dispersal and speciation in Southeast Asia. Evolution 64 (1): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00812.x
Bocak L., Bocakova M., Hunt T. & Vogler A.P. 2008. Multiple ancient origins of neoteny in Lycidae (Coleoptera): Consequences for ecology and macroevolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 215–2023. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0476
Bocak L., Gimmel M.L. & Chaboo C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the families. Lycidae Laporte, 1836. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88 (2): 243–247. https://doi.org/10.2317/kent-88-02-243-247.1
Bocak L., Motyka M., Kusy D. & Bilkova R. 2020. Biodiversity inventory and distribution of Metriorrhynchina net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae), with the identification of generic ranges. Insects 11 (10): 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100710
Bocakova M. 2001 Revision and phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Platerodinae (Coleoptera: Lycidae). European Journal of Entomology 98 (1): 53–85. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2001.010
Bocakoca M. 2003 Revision of the tribe Calopterini (Coleoptera, Lycidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Enviroment 38 (3): 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.207.28169
Bocakova M. 2004. Phylogenetic analyses of the tribe Libnetini with establishment of a new genus (Coleoptera, Lycidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 51 (1): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.20040510105
Bocakova M. 2005 Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Calopterini (Coleoptera, Lycidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631204788912472
Bocek M. & Adamkova K. 2019. New species of Moluccan trichaline net-winged beetles, with remarks on the phylogenetic position and distribution of Schizotrichalus (Coleoptera: Lycidae: Metriorrhynchinae). Zootaxa 4623 (2): 341–350. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4623.2.8
Bocek M. & Bocak L. 2017. The comparison of molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of trichaline net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae: Metriorrhynchini) with description of a new subgenus. PeerJ 5: e3963. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3963
Bocek M. & Bocak L. 2019. The origins and dispersal history of the trichaline net-winged beetles in Southeast Asia, Wallacea, New Guinea and Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1079–1094. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly090
Bocek M., Kusy D., Motyka M. & Bocak L. 2019a. Persistence of multiple patterns and intraspecific polymorphism in multi-species Müllerian communities of net-winged beetles. Frontiers in Zoology 16: 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-019-0335-8
Bocek M., Motyka M., Kusy D. & Bocak L. 2019b. Genomic and mitochondrial data identify different species boundaries in aposematically polymorphic Eniclases net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Insects 10 (9): 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090295
Bourgeois J.M. 1883. [Communication]. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, Bulletin entomologique 2: LIX–LXII. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32549063 [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Bourgeois J.M. 1889. Diagnoses de Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus. Annales de la Société entomologique de France 6e Série 9: 225–236. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32438777 [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Bourgeois J.M. 1901. Les lycides du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Paris. Annales de la Société entomologique de France 70: 31–51. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10012985 [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Bourgeois J.M. 1906. Sur le Celiasis mirabilis Lacord. [Col.] (note synonymique). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 11 (8): 95–97. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9486643 [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Chevrolat L.A.A. 1834. Coleóptères du Mexique. Imprimerie de G. Silbermann, Strasbourg. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47510
De Santis M.D. & Nihei S.S. 2022. Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Dufouriini (Diptera: Tachinidae) using a total evidence approach based on adult and immature stages. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 80: 1–38. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e69618
Dugès D.E. 1878. Descripción de coleópteros indígenas, (géneros y especies nuevas). La Naturaleza 4: 169–188.
Dugès D.E. 1896. Catálogo de la Colección de Coleópteros Mexicanos formada y clasificada por el Dr. D. Eugenio Dugès (Museo Nacional, Salón de Entomología). Imprenta del Museo Nacional, Mexico.
Evenhuis N.L. 2012. François-Louis Comte de Castelnau (1802–1880) and the mysterious disappearance of his original insect collection. Zootaxa 3168 (1): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3168.1.4
Evenhuis N.L. 2023. The Insect and Spider Collections of the World Webside. WWW document. Available from http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/ [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Ferreira V.S. & Motyka M. 2023. DNA and morphology corroborate the placement of the former New World Adoceta Bourgeois in Macrolygistopterus Pic and updates on the status of North American Calochrominae (Coleoptera: Lycidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 77 (1): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-77.1.63
Ferreira V.S., Barbosa F.F., Bocakova M. & Solodovnikov A. 2023. An extraordinary case of elytra loss in Coleoptera (Elateroidea: Lycidae): discovery and placement of the first anelytrous adult male beetle. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad026
GBIF.org 2023a. GBIF Occurrence Download. https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ftg9r3
GBIF.org 2023b. GBIF Occurrence Download. https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.29r58g
Goloboff P.A. 1993. Estimating characters weights during tree search. Cladistics 9 (1): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1006/clad.1993.1003
Goloboff P.A. 1994. NONA: A Tree Searching Program. Program documentation. Published by the author, Tucumán, Argentina.
Goloboff P.A. & Morales M. 2023. TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOs and Linux, including new routines in parallel. Cladistics 39 (2): 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12524
Goloboff P.A., Carpenter J.M., Arias J.S. & Esquivel D.R.M. 2008. Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics 24 (5): 758–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00209.x
González-Ramírez M. & Zaragoza-Caballero S. 2024. Description of immature stages of Neolycus Bourgeois, 1883 and Rhyncheros LeConte, 1881 (Coleoptera: Lycidae: Lycinae) from the New World. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environmental 59 (3): 1250–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2024.2355704
Gorham H.S. 1880. Coleoptera Malacodermata. In: Godman F.D. & Salvin O. (eds) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Volume III, Part 2: 1–7. Taylor & Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.730
Gorham H.S. 1884. Supplement to Malacodermata. In: Godman F.D. & Salvin O. (eds) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Volume III, Part 2: 225–227. Taylor & Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.730
Green J. 1949. The Lycidae of the United States and Canada: I. The tribe Lycini (Coleoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 75 (2): 53–70.
Hermes M.G., Melo G.A. & Carpenter J.M. 2014. The higher-level phylogenetic relationships of the Eumeninae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae), with emphasis on Eumenes sensu lato. Cladistics 30 (5): 453–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12059
Hoang D.T., Chernomor O., Haeseler A., Minh B.Q. & Vinh L.S. 2018. UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1101/153916
Jiruskova A. & Bocak L. 2015. Species delimitation in Cautires (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from Peninsular Malaysia using DNA data and morphology. Annales Zoologici 65 (2): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2015.65.2.007
Jiruskova A., Motyka M., Bocek M. & Bocak L. 2019. The Malacca Strait separates distinct faunas of poorly-flying Cautires net-winged beetles. PeerJ 7: e6511. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6511
Kalousova R. & Bocak L. 2017. Species delimitation of colour polymorphic Cladophorus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from New Guinea. Zootaxa 4320 (3): 505–522. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.3.6
Kalyaanamoorthy S., Minh B.Q., Wong T.K.F., Haeseler A. & Jermin L.S. 2017. ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
Kassambara A. & Mundt F. 2020. factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R package. Ver. 1.0.7. Available from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra [accessed 3 Jan. 2022].
Kazantsev S.V. 2003 Morphology of Lycidae with some considerations on evolution of the Coleoptera. Elytron 17: 49–226.
Kazantsev S.V. 2004a. Phylogeny of the tribe Erotini (Coleoptera, Lycidae), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 496 (1): 1–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.496.1.1
Kazantsev S.V. 2004b. Contribution to the knowledge of Macrolycini with description of Calcaeron, new genus (Coleoptera, Lycidae). Zootaxa 493 (1): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.493.1.1
Kazantsev S.V. 2006. A review and phylogenetic analysis of Afrotropical Dictyopterini (Coleoptera, Lycidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 53 (1): 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200600005
Kazantsev S.V. 2013. New and little known taxa of “neotenic” Lycidae (Coleoptera), with discussion of their phylogeny. Russian Entomological Journal 22: 9–31.
Kleine R. 1933. Lycidae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 128: 1–145. W. Junk, Berlin.
Kubecek V., Dvorak M. & Bocak L. 2011. The phylogenetic structure of Metriorrhynchini fauna of Sulawesi (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with descriptions of a new genus, Mangkutanus, and three new species of Xylobanus. Zoological Studies 50 (5): 645–656.
Kubecek V., Bray T.C. & Bocak L. 2015. Molecular phylogeny of Metanoeina net-winged beetles identifies Ochinoeus, a new genus from China and Laos (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Zootaxa 3955 (1): 113–122. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3955.1.6
Kusy D., Sklenarova K. & Bocak L. 2017. The effectiveness of DNA-based delimitation in Synchonnus net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) assessed, and description of 11 new species. Austral Entomology 57 (1): 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12266
Kusy D., Motyka M., Bocek M., Masek M. & Bocak L. 2019. Phylogenetic analysis resolves the relationships among net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and reveals the parallel evolution of morphological traits. Systematic Entomology 44 (4): 911–925. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12363
Kusy D., Motyka M., Fusek L., Li Y., Bocek M., Bilkova R., Ruskova M. & Bocak L. 2020. Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 (3): 902–927. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa055
Lawrence J.F., Zhou Y.L., Lemann C., Sinclair B. & Ślipiński A. 2021. The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): Morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Archostemata–Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici 71 (3): 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001
LeConte J.L. 1881. Synopsis of the Lampyridae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences 9 (1): 15–72. https://doi.org/10.2307/25076399
Levkanicova Z. & Bocak L. 2009. Identification of net-winged beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Lycidae) using three mtDNA fragments: a comparison of their utility. Systematic Entomology 34 (2): 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00457.x
Lewis P.O. 2001. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphologic character data. Systematic Biology 50 (6): 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876
Li Y., Bocak L. & Pang H. 2015a. Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China. Entomological Science 18 (3): 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12133
Li Y., Gunter N., Pang H. & Bocak L. 2015b. DNA-based species delimitation separates highly divergent populations within morphologically coherent clades of poorly dispersing beetles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12262
Li Y., Pang H. & Bocak L. 2017. The taxonomy of neotenic net-winged beetles from China based on morphology and molecular data (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Annales Zoologici 67 (4): 679–687. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2017.67.4.005
Malohlava V. & Bocak L. 2010. Evidence of extreme habitat stability in a Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot based on the evolutionary analysis of neotenic net-winged beetles. Molecular Ecology 19 (21): 4800–4811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04850.x
Masek M. & Bocak L. 2014. The taxonomy and diversity of Platerodrilus (Coleoptera, Lycidae) inferred from molecular data and morphology of adults and larvae. ZooKeys 426: 29–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.426.7398
Masek M., Ivie M., Palata V. & Bocak L. 2014. Molecular phylogeny and classification of Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of larvae and new species of Lyropaeus. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 136–145. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353564
Masek M., Palata V., Bray T.C. & Bocak L. 2015. Molecular phylogeny reveals high diversity, geographic structure and limited ranges in Neotenic net-winged beetles Platerodrilus (Coleoptera: Lycidae). PLoS ONE 10 (4): e0123855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123855
Masek M., Motyka M., Kusy D., Bocek M., Li Y. & Bocak L. 2018. Molecular phylogeny and zoogeography of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Insects 9 (4): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040154
McCabe T.L. & Johnson L.M. 1979. Larva of Calopteron terminale (Say) with additional notes on adult behaviour (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 87 (4): 283–288.
Melsheimer F.E. 1846. Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 98–118. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6605680 [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Minh B.Q., Schmidt H.A., Chernomor O., Schrempf D., Woodhams M.D., Haeseler A. & Lanfear R. 2020. IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37 (5): 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Motyka M. & Bocak L. 2018. Escalonius, a new subgenus of Calochromus Guérin Méneville, 1833 identified by the molecular phylogeny of Calochromini (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Zootaxa 4461 (1): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4461.1.5
Motyka M., Bocek M., Kusy D. & Bocak L. 2020. Interactions in multi‑pattern Müllerian communities support origins of new patterns, false structures, imperfect resemblance and mimetic sexual dimorphism. Scientific Reports 10: 11193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68027-w
Motyka M., Kusy D., Bocek M., Bilkova R. & Bocak L. 2021a. Phylogenomic and mitogenomic data can accelerate inventorying of tropical beetles during the current biodiversity crisis. eLife 10: e71895. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71895
Motyka M., Kusy D., Masek M., Bocek M., Li Y., Bilkova R., Kapoitán J., Yagi T. & Bocak L. 2021b. Conspicuousness, phylogenetic structure, and origins of Müllerian mimicry in 4000 lycid beetle from all zoogeographic regions. Scientific Reports 11: 5961. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85567-x
Nascimento E.A. & Bocakova M. 2024. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a new net-winged beetle genus of Eurrhacini (Coleoptera, Lycidae) from the Pacific slopes of Central America and Ecuador. ZooKeys 1204: 241–259. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1204.114932
Nascimento E.A., Bressan T.D. & Bocakova M. 2020. Currhaeus, a new genus of net-winged beetles and phylogenetic analysis of Eurrhacini (Coleoptera: Lycidae: Lycinae). Zootaxa 4869 (3): 387–403. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4869.3.5
Nixon K. 1999. The Parsimony Ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15 (4): 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00277.x
Nixon K.C. 2002. Winclada ver 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York. Available from https://cladistics.com/downloads [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Nixon K.C. & Carpenter J.M. 1996. On consensus, collapsibility, and clade concordance. Cladistics 12 (4): 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1006/clad.1996.0023
Pérez-Hernández C.X., Zaragoza-Caballero S. & Romo-Galicia A. 2019. Checklist of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from Mexico. Zootaxa 4623 (2): 239–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4623.2.2
Pic M. 1922. Contribution à l’étude des Lycides. L’Échange 411: 1–40. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57924635 [accessed 4 Mar. 2024].
Rambaut A.A. 2009. FigTree. Tree Figure Drawing Tool. Available from http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/ [accessed 4 Mar. 2024].
R Core Team 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from https://www.R-project.org/ [accessed 3 Jan. 2022].
Rohlf F.J. 2017. TPS Dig2 v.2.31. Ecology & Evolution and Anthropology. Stony Brook University. Available from https://www.sbmorphometrics.org/soft-dataacq.html [accessed 10 Dec. 2023].
Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Ronquist F., Teslenko M., Van der Mark P., Ayres D.L., Darling A., Höhna S., Larget B., Suchard M.A. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Sklenarova K., Chesters D. & Bocak L. 2013. Phylogeography of poorly dispersing net-winged beetles: A role of drifting India in the origin of Afrotropical and Oriental fauna. PLoS ONE 8: e67957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067957
Sklenarova K., Kubecek V. & Bocak L. 2014. Subtribal classification of Metriorrhynchini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lycidae): An integrative approach using molecular phylogeny and morphology of adults and larvae. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72 (1): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31785
Swofford D.L. & Bell C.D. 2017. PAUP* manual. Available from https://paup.phylosolutions.com/documentation/ [accessed 20 Oct. 2023].
Uribe J.E. & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez J. 2016. The complete mitogenome of the trilobite beetle, Platerodrilus sp. (Elateroidea: Lycidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 1 (1): 658–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2016.1219626
Vega-Badillo V., Zaragoza-Caballero S., Ochoterena-Booth H. & Morrone J.J. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary morphology of wings in the genus Cenophengus LeConte, 1881 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae: Mastinocerinae) based on morphological characters. Zoologischer Anzeiger 293: 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2021.06.007
Wickham H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. Available from https://www.R-project.org/ [accessed 3 Jan. 2022].
Yang Z. & Rannala B. 1997. Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14 (7): 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025811
Zaragoza-Caballero S. 1995. Cantharoidea (Coleoptera) de México. II. Lycinae de Veracruz. Folia entomológica mexicana 95: 23–84.
Zaragoza-Caballero S. & González-Ramírez M. 2019. Descripción de Lycomesus llorentei gen. et. sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Lycini) de San Luis Potosí, México. Dugesiana 26 (2): 99–102. https://doi.org/10.32870/dugesiana.v26i2.7075
Copyright (c) 2025 Mireya González-Ramírez, Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero, Juan J. Morrone, Helga Ochoterena-Booth
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Copyright Notices
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are NOT PERMITTED to post their submitted work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on personal websites) prior to publication, as it may lead to nomenclatural issues.
