Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)

  • Volker W. Framenau Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, 1/511 Wanneroo Road, Balcatta, Western Australia 6021; 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia; 3 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australia Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986
  • Peter Hudson South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.335
Keywords: salt lake, samphire zone, saline, systematics, phylogeny

Abstract

The Australian wolf spider genus Tftralycosa Roewer, 1960, with Lycosa meracula Simon, 1909 (junior synonym of Lycosa oraria L. Koch, 1877) as type species, is revised to include 13 species, eight of which are described as new here: Tetralycosa adarca sp. nov., T. alteripa (McKay, 1976), T. arabanae Framenau, Gotch & Austin, 2006, T. baudinettei sp. nov., T. caudex sp. nov., T. eyrei (Hickman, 1944), T. floundersi sp. nov., T. halophila sp. nov., T. oraria (L. Koch, 1876), T. orariola sp. nov., T. williamsi sp. nov., T. wundurra (McKay, 1979) comb. nov. and T. rebecca sp. nov. Members of Tetralycosa are halotolerant, exclusively inhabiting saline environments such as coastal beaches, and mound springs, clay pans and salt lakes in the Australian interior. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus identified a monophyletic clade of eight species that live permanently on the barren surface of salt lakes suggesting a single radiation into this extremely inhospitable habitat. Some of these Tetralycosa species are currently known from single salt lakes only and with increasing disturbances of these systems by mining, agriculture and recreational use, research effort should be increased to study their ecology and conservation status.

References

Baehr M. & Hudson P. 2001. New species and a new genus of the subfamily Pogoninae from South Australia (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Records of the South Australian Museum 34: 1–18.

Bauld J. 1981. Occurrence of benthic microbial mats in saline lakes. Hydrobiologia 81: 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048708

Bonnet P. 1957. Bibliographia Araneorum. Analyse Méthodique de Toute la Littérature Aranéologique Jusqu’en 1939. Tome II (3me partie: G–M). Douladoure, Toulouse.

Bremer K. 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00179.x

Brignoli P.M. 1983. A Catalogue of the Araneae Described Between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press in association with The British Arachnological Society, Manchester.

Casanueva M.E. 1980. Los licosidos de Chile. Estudio biologico y taxonomico por los metodos de sistematica alfa y taxonomica numerica (Araneae: Lycosidae). Gayana Zoologia 42: 1–76.

Chaplin S., John J., Brearly D. & Dunlop J. 1999. A Limnological Investigation of Lake Carey, a Large Ephemeral Salt Lake in Western Australia. Mine Rehabilitation Group, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA.

Coleman M. 2003. Salt Lakes in the Western Australian Landscape with Specific Reference to the Yilgarn and Goldfields Region. Actis Environmental Services Pty Ltd, Mundijong, W.A. Discussion Paper for the Department of Environmental Protection. Available from http://www.actis.com.au/saltlakes_in_the_western_australian_landscape.pdf [accessed 13 Sep. 2016].

Crawford R.L., Sugg P.M. & Edwards J.S. 1995. Spider arrival and primary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Midland Naturalist 133: 60–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/2426348

Curtin University of Technology. 1999. Baseline ecological study of Lake Lefroy: lake fringing vegetation, aquatic flora, aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial invertebrates. School of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA.

Dondale C.D. 1986. The subfamilies of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Actas X Congreso Internacional de Aracnología, Jaca, España 1: 327–332.

Durrant B.J. & Guthrie N.A. 2004. Faunas of unflooded saline wetland floors of the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 67: 231–256.

Edwards J.S. & Thornton W.B. 2001. Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. VI. The pioneer arthropod community of Motmot. Journal of Biogeography 28: 1379–1388. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.2811121379.x

EPA. 2016. Technical Guidance. Sampling of short range endemic invertebrate fauna. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA. Available from http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/Tech%20guidance-%20Sampling-SREs-Dec-2016.pdf [accessed 20 Dec. 2016].

Framenau V.W. 2002. Review of the wolf spider genus Artoria Thorell (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 16: 209–235. https://doi.org/10.1071/it01028

Framenau V.W. 2005a. Gender specific differences in activity and home range reflect morphological dimorphism in wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 33: 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1636/04-57.1

Framenau V.W. 2005b. The wolf spider genus Artoria Thorell in Australia: new synonymies and generic transfers (Araneae, Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 22: 265–92.

Framenau V.W. 2006a. Revision of the Australian wolf spider genus Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1304: 1–20.

Framenau V.W. 2006b. Revision of the wolf spider genus Diahogna Roewer, 1960 (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Natural History 40: 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930600661953

Framenau V.W. 2007. Revision of the new Australian genus Artoriopsis in a new subfamily of wolf spiders, Artoriinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1391: 1–34.

Framenau V.W. 2010. Revision of the new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 68: 113–142.

Framenau V.W. & Baehr B.C. 2007. Revision of the Australian wolf spider genus Dingosa Roewer, 1955 (Araneae, Lycosidae, Lycosinae). Journal of Natural History 41: 1603–1629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701475717

Framenau V.W. & Baehr B.C. 2016. Revision of the Australian Union-Jack Wolf Spiders, genus Tasmanicosa (Lycosidae: Lycosinae). Zootaxa 4213 (1): 1–82. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4213.1.1

Framenau V.W. & Leung A.E. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 83: 173–184.

Framenau V.W. & Yoo J.-S. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae, Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1071/is05036

Framenau V.W., Manderbach R. & Baehr M. 2002. Riparian gravel banks of upland and lowland rivers in Victoria (south-east Australia): arthropod community structure and life history patterns along a longitudinal gradient. Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 102–123. https://doi.org/10.1071/zo01039

Framenau V.W., Gotch T.B. & Austin A.D. 2006. The wolf spiders of artesian springs in arid South Australia, with a revalidation of Tetralycosa (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 34: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1636/h03-72.1

Goloboff P.A., Farris J.S. & Nixon K.C. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analyses. Cladistics 24: 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x

Graaff W.J.E. van der, Crowe R.W.A., Bunting J.A. & Jackson M.J. 1977. Relict early Cainozoic drainages in arid Western Australia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 21: 379–400.

Gregory S.J., Ward M.J. & John J. 2009. Changes in the chemistry and biota of Lake Carey: a large salt lake impacted by hypersaline discharge from mining operations in Western Australia. Hydrobiologia 626: 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9744-6

Guy Y. 1966. Contribution à l’étude des araignées de la famille des Lycosidae et de la sous-famille des Lycosinae avec étude spéciale des espèces du Maroc. Travaux de l’Institut scientifique cherifien, Serie Zoologie: 1–172.

Gwynne D. & Watkiss J. 1975. Burrow-blocking behavior in Geolycosa wrightii (Araneae, Lycosidae). Animal Behaviour 23: 953–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(75)90120-7

Harvey M.S. 2002. Short-range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02009

Harvey M.S., Waldock J.M., Guthrie N.A., Durrant B. & McKenzie N.L. 2004. Patterns in the composition of ground-dwelling araneomorph spider communities in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 67: 257–291.

Hickman V.V. 1944. The Simpson Desert Expedition, 1939 - Scientific Reports No. 1, Biology - Scorpions and Spiders. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68: 18–48.

Hickman V.V. 1950. Araneae from Reevesby Island, South Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 60: 1–16.

Hickman V.V. 1967. Some common Spiders of Tasmania. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart.

Hudson P. 1995. Report on a survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Lake Lefroy. Adelaide, SA. Unpublished report prepared for Western Mining Corporation.

Hudson P. 1997. Sympatric distribution of an Australian salt lake wolf spider and scorpion. International Journal of Salt Lake Research 6: 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02441864

Hudson P. 2000. First record of the salt lake wolf spider, Lycosa salifodina McKay, from Northern Territory, Australia. Australasian Arachnology 58: 5–6.

Hudson P. & Adams M. 1996. Allozyme characterisation of the salt lake spiders (Lycosa: Lycosidae: Araneae) of southern Australia: systematic and population genetic implications. Australian Journal of Zoology 44: 535–567. https://doi.org/10.1071/zo9960535

Humphreys W.F. 1976a. The influence of burrowing and thermoregulatory behaviour on the water relations of Geolycosa godeffroyi (Araneae: Lycosidae), an Australian wolf spider. Oecologia 21: 291–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00345823

Humphreys W.F. 1976b. The population dynamics of an Australian wolf spider, Geolycosa godeffroyi (L. Koch 1865) (Araneae: Lycosidae). Journal of Animal Ecology: 59–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/3767

Kamoun S. & Hogenhout S.A. 1996. Flightlessness and rapid terrestrial locomotion in tiger beetles of the Cicindela L. subgenus Rivacindela van Nidek from saline habitats of Australia (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 50: 221–230.

Keighery G.J., Halse S.A., Harvey M.S. & McKenzie N.L. (eds). 2004. A Biodiversity Survey of the Western Australian Agricultural Zone. Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA.

Kingsford R.T. 1995. Occurrence of high concentrations of waterbirds in arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 29: 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(05)80120-x

Koch L. 1876. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. 1. Theil. 6. Lieferung. Verlag von Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg.

Koch L. 1877. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. 1. Theil. 7. Lieferung. Verlag von Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg.

Koch L.E. 1977. The biology and burrow of a salt lake spider, Lycosa salifodina. The Western Australian Naturalist 13: 204.

Langlands P. & Framenau V.W. 2010. Systematic revision of Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960, the Australian ‘bicolor’ group of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 83–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00545.x

Maddison W.P. & Maddison D.R. 2015. Mesquite, a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.03. Available from http://mesquiteproject.org/ [accessed 12 Jun. 2015].

Main B.Y. 1981. Australian spiders: diversity, distribution and ecology. In: Keast A. (ed.) Ecological Biogeography of Australia: 809–852. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

Manderbach R. & Framenau V.W. 2001. Spider (Arachnida: Araneae) communities of riparian gravel banks in the northern parts of the European Alps. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12: 1–9.

McCairns R.F., Freitag R., Rose H.A. & McDonald F.J.D. 1997. Taxonomic revision of the Australian Cicindelidae (Coleoptera), excluding species of Cicindela. Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 599–687. https://doi.org/10.1071/it94011

McKay R.J. 1973. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 1. The bicolor group. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 16: 375–398.

McKay R.J. 1974. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 3. A coral shingle inhabiting species from Western Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 17: 21–26.

McKay R.J. 1976. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 8. Two new species inhabiting salt lakes of Western Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 17: 417–423.

McKay R.J. 1979a. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 12. Descriptions of some Western Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 19: 241–275.

McKay R.J. 1979b. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 13. The genus Trochosa. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 19: 277–298.

McKay R.J. 1985. Lycosidae. In: Walton D.W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia 3. Arachnida, Mygalomorphae, Araneomorphae in Part, Pseudoscorpionida, Amblypygida, Palpigradi: 73–88. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Moritz M. 1992. Die Typen der Arachniden-Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. X. Araneae: Lycosidae. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin 68: 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19920680213

Morse D.H. 2002. Orientation and movement of wolf spiders Pardosa lapidicina (Araneae, Lycosidae) in the intertidal zone. Journal of Arachnology 30: 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0601:oamows]2.0.co;2

Murphy N.P., Framenau V.W., Donnellan S.C., Harvey M.S., Park Y.-C. & Austin A.D. 2006. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) using sequences from the 12S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and NADH1 genes: implications for classification, biogeography, and the evolution of web building behaviour. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 583–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.004

New T.R. & Sands D.P.A. 2002. Narrow-range endemicity and conservation status: interpretations for Australian butterflies. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 665–670. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02002

Nixon K. 2002. Winclada. Version 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca.

Pearson D.L. & Vogler A.P. 2001. Tiger beetles. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.

Piacentini L.N. 2014. A taxonomic review of the wolf spider genus Agalenocosa Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Lycosidae). Zootaxa 3790: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3790.1.1

Piacentini L.N. & Grismado C.J. 2009. Lobizon and Navira, two new genera of wolf spiders from Argentina (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 2195: 1–33.

Pinder A.M., Halse S.A., Shiel R.J., Cale D.J. & McRae J.M. 2002. Halophile aquatic invertebrates in the wheatbelt region of south-western Australia. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Vereins für Limnologie 28: 1–8.

Pinder A., Halse S.A., McRae J.M. & Shiel R.J. 2005. Occurrence of aquatic invertebrates of the wheatbelt region of Western Australia in relation to salinity. Hydrobiologia 543: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-5712-3

Platnick N.I. 1989. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1981–1987. A Supplement to Brignoli’s A Catalogue of the Araneae Described Between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press in association with the British Arachnological Society, Manchester and New York.

Platnick N.I. 1993. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1988–1991. With Synonymies and Transfers 1940–1980. New York Entomological Society in association with The American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Ponder W.F. & Colgan D.J. 2002. What makes a narrow-range taxon? Insights from Australian freshwater snails. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT01043

Pons J., Barraclough T.G., Gomez-Zurita J., Cardoso A., Duran D.P., Hazell S., Kamoun S., Sumlin W.D. & Vogler A.P. 2006. Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects. Systematic Biology 55: 595–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600852011

Rack G. 1961. Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. II. Teil. Chelicerata II: Araneae. Mitteilungen des Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts 59: 1–60.

Rainbow W.J. 1911. A census of Australian Araneidae. Records of the Australian Museum 9: 107–319. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.9.1911.928

Rewards Minerals. 2016. LD Project. Rewards Minerals Pty Ltd, Perth, WA. Available from http://www.rewardminerals.com/index.php/projects/lake-disappointment [accessed 3 Sep. 2016].

Richter C.J.J. 1970. Aerial dispersal in relation to habitat in eight wolf spider species (Pardosa, Araneae, Lycosidae). Oecologia 5: 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00344884

Roewer C.F. 1955. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abteilung A (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles.

Roewer C.F. 1959. Araneae Lycosaeformia II. (Lycosidae). Exploration du Parc national de l’Upemba - Mission G.F. De Witte 55: 1–518.

Roewer C.F. 1960. Araneae Lycosaeformia II. (Lycosidae) (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba - Mission G.F. De Witte 55: 519–1040.

Roshier D., Robertson A. & Kingsford R. 2001. The Availability of Wetland Habitat for Waterbirds in Arid Australia. Charles Sturt University, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Orange and Sydney, NSW. Unpublished report prepared for the National Wetlands Research and Development Program.

Rovner J.S., Higashi G.A. & Foelix R.F. 1973. Maternal behavior in wolf spiders: the role of abdominal hairs. Science 182: 1153–1155. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4117.1153

Sierwald P. 2000. Description of the male of Sosippus placidus, with notes on the subfamily Sosippinae (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 28: 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2000)028[0133:dotmos]2.0.co;2

SIGM. 2010. Gold Mining Developments on Lake Lefroy Beyond 2010. St Ives Gold Mining Company Pty Ltd, Kambalda, WA. Public Environmental Review.

Simon E. 1909. Araneae, 2me partie. In: Michaelsen W. & Hartmeyer R. (eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905:155–212. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Stratton G.E. 2005. Evolution of ornamentation and courtship behavior in Schizocosa: insights from a phylogeny based on morphology (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 33: 347–376. https://doi.org/10.1636/04-80.1

Timms B.V. 2005. Salt lakes in Australia: present problems and prognosis for the future. Hydrobiologia 552: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1501-x

Townley M.A. & Tillinghast E.K. 2003. On the use of ampullate gland silks by wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) for attaching the egg sac to the spinnerets and a proposal for defining nubbins and tartipores. Journal of Arachnology 31: 209–245. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2003)031[0209:otuoag]2.0.co;2

Vink C.J. 2002. Lycosidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Fauna of New Zealand 44: 1–94.

Vink C.J. & Paterson A.M. 2003. Combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of the New Zealand wolf spider genus Anoteropsis (Araneae: Lycosidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00219-7

Yoo J.-S. & Framenau V.W. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712. https://doi.org/10.1071/is06013

Zyuzin A.A. 1990. Studies on burrowing spiders of the family Lycosidae (Araneae). I. Preliminary data on structural and functional features. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190: 419–422.

Zyuzin A.A. 1993. Studies on the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). I. A new genus and species from Kazakhstan, with comments on the Lycosinae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33: 693–700.

Published
2017-07-06
How to Cite
Framenau, V. W., & Hudson, P. (2017). Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae). European Journal of Taxonomy, (335). https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.335
Issue
No. 335 (2017): Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Section
Zoology
Copyright (c) 2017 Volker W. Framenau, Peter Hudson

Creative Commons Copyright Notices

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are NOT ALLOWED TO post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to taxonomic issues.