Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.436
Keywords: Baltic Sea, Echinoderidae, Gulf of Bothnia, meiofauna, meiobenthos, taxonomy

Abstract

The kinorhynch species Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 is redescribed. The species can now be recognized by the presence of spines in middorsal positions on segments 4–8, and in lateroventral positions on segments 6–9, with lateroventral spines on segment 9 showing sexual dimorphism; tubes in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, in sublateral positions on segments 4 and 8, in lateroventral positions on segment 5, and in laterodorsal positions on segment 10. Furthermore, the enlarged sieve plates on segment 9 make the species highly characteristic. New records of the species extend its distributional range into the Bothnian Bay where the bottom water salinity drops below 5 ppt, which is the lowest salinity recorded for a habitat with kinorhynchs.

References

Adrianov A.V., Murakami C. & Shirayama Y. 2002. Echinoderes aureus n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu) – first representative of the genus in the Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115: 205–216.

Axe P. & Sahlsten E. 2001. Hydrografi/hydrokemi. Bottniska Viken 2001. Available from http://www.havet.nu/dokument/Bv2001hydro.pdf [accessed 5 Oct. 2017].

Björck S. 1995. A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0–8.0 ka BP. Quaternary International 27: 19–40.

Grzelak K. & Sørensen M.V. 2018. New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Spitsbergen, with additional information about Arctic species. Marine Biology Research 14 (2):113–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367096

Herranz M. & Leander B. 2016. Redescription of Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki and Kajihara, 2012 and E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977 from the Northwest Pacific coast, including the first report of a potential invasive species of kinorhynch. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.02.004

Herranz M., Yangel E. & Leander B. 2018. Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: a new mud dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean with the redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960. Marine Biodiversity 48: 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0726-z

Higgins R.P. 1983. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II: Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 18: 1–131.

Karling T.G. 1954. Echinoderes levanderi n. sp. (Kinorhyncha) aus der Ostsee. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 189–192.

Kristensen R.M. & Higgins R.P. 1991. Kinorhyncha. In: Harrison F.W. & Ruppert E.E. (eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 4, The Aschelminthes: 377–404. Wiley-Liss, New York.

Lang K. 1936. Undersökningar över Öresund, XXI: Einige Kleintiere aus dem Öresund. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets Handlingar Bd. 46 10: 1–8.

Levander K.M. 1900. Über das Herbst- und Winter-Plankton im Finnischen Meerbusen und in der Åland-See 1898. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 18: 1–25.

Lundbye H., Rho H.S. & Sørensen M.V. 2011. Echinoderes rex n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – the largest Echinoderes species found so far. Scientia Marina 75: 41–51. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1041

Neuhaus B. 2013. Kinorhyncha (=Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Handbook of Zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera: 181–348. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Neves R.C., Sørensen M.V. & Herranz M. 2016. First account on kinorhynchs from Portugal, with the description of two new species: Echinoderes lusitanicus sp. nov. and E. reicherti sp. nov. Marine Biology Research 12: 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1154973

Ostmann A., Nordhaus I. & Sørensen M.V. 2012. First recording of kinorhynchs from Java, with the description of a new brackish water species from a mangrove-fringed lagoon. Marine Biodiversity 42: 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-011-0094-z

Pardos F., Herranz M. & Sánchez N. 2016. Two sides of a coin: the phylum Kinorhyncha in Panama. II) Pacific Panama. Zoologischer Anzeiger 265: 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.006

Sørensen M.V. 2014. First account of echinoderid kinorhynchs from Brazil, with the description of three new species. Marine Biodiversity 44: 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0181-4

Sørensen M.V., Dal Zotto M., Rho H.S., Herranz M., Sánchez N., Pardos F. & Yamasaki H. 2015. Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha based on morphology and two molecular loci. PLoS ONE 10 (7): e0133440. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133440

Sørensen M.V., Gąsiorowski L., Randsø P.V., Sánchez N. & Neves R.C. 2016. First report of kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the description of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64: 3–27.

Sørensen M.V. & Landers S.C. 2014. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Frontiers in Marine Science 1 (8): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00008

Reimer L. 1963. Zur Verbreitung der Kinorhyncha in der mittleren Ostsee. Zoologischer Anzeiger 171: 440–447.

Voipio A. (ed.) 1981. The Baltic Sea. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Oxford/New York.

Yamasaki H. 2016. Two new Echinoderes species (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Nha Trang, Vietnam. Zoological Studies 55: 32. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2016.55-32

Yamasaki H. & Fujimoto S. 2014. Two new species in the Echinoderes coulli group (Echinoderidae, Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. ZooKeys 382: 27–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.382.6761

Yamasaki H. & Kajihara H. 2012. A new brackish-water species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Species Diversity 17: 109–118.

Zelinka C. 1928. Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Published
2018-05-17
How to Cite
Sørensen, M. V. (2018). Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities. European Journal of Taxonomy, (436). https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.436
Issue
No. 436 (2018): Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) – a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities
Section
Zoology
Copyright (c) 2018 Martin V. Sørensen

Creative Commons Copyright Notices

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are NOT PERMITTED to post their submitted work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on personal websites) prior to publication, as it may lead to nomenclatural issues.