Revision and morphological analysis of the Ragadidae (Insecta, Diptera)

  • Emma Wahlberg Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Keywords: Diptera, Empidoidea, Ragadidae, revision, taxonomy

Abstract

Several taxonomic groups within Empidoidea Latreille, 1809 have been subject to unclear phylogenetic assignments along with multiple parallel hypotheses causing difficulties in classification and morphological identification. This study reviews the internal classification of the Ragadidae and includes a diagnosis and description of all included subfamilies and genera based on the results of an analysis of morphological characters using maximum parsimony. Illustration of important characters and a key to all genera in the family is given. The genus Hormopeza Zetterstedt, 1838 is found to be most closely related to Anthepiscopus Becker, 1891 and Iteaphila Zetterstedt, 1838, and the subfamily Iteaphilinae Wahlberg & Johanson, 2018 is therefore expanded to also include that genus. Hormopeza is consequently excluded from Ragadinae Sinclair, 2016. This study provides diagnoses, descriptions and keys in a contribution to a thorough classification of the empidoid groups and increased ease in morphological recognition.

References

Bletchly J.D. 1954. The mouth-parts of the dance fly, Empis livida L. (Diptera, Empididae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124: 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1954.tb07785.x

Chvála M. 1976. Swarming, mating and feeding habits in Empididae (Diptera), and their significance in evolution of the family. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 73: 353–366.

Chvála M. 1983. The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. 2: General part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg.

Cumming J.M. & Wood D.M. 2009. Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown B.V., Borkent A., Cumming J.M., Wood D.M. & Zumbado M. (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera 1: 9–50. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa.

Cumming J.M. & Wood D.M. 2017. Adult morphology and terminology. In: Kirk-Spriggs A. & Sinclair B.J. (eds) Manual of Afrotropical Diptera 1: 112. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town.

Cumming J.M., Brooks S.E. & Saigusa T. 2013. Revision of the Hesperempis genus group (Diptera: Empidoidea: Empididae). The Canadian Entomologist 146: 170–210. https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.66

Daugeron C. 1999. First neotropical record of the genus Hormopeza Zetterstedt, 1838 (Diptera, Empididae). Zoosystema 21: 121–126.

Evenhuis N.L. 2019. The Insect and Spider Collections of the World Website. Available from http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/ [accessed 10 Jan. 2019].

McAlpine J.F. 1981. Morphology and terminology – adults. In: McAlpine J.F., Peterson B.V., Shewell G.E., Teskey H.J., Vockeroth J.R. & Wood D.M. (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera: 9–63. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.

Maddison D.R. & Maddison W.P. 2001. MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution. Version 4.03. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.

Sinclair B.J. & Saigusa T. 2001. Revision of the world species of Ragas Walker (Diptera: Empidoidea). Entomological Science 4: 507–522.

Shamshev I.V. & Sinclair B.J. 2009. Revision of the Iteaphila setosa group (Diptera: Empididae). European Journal of Entomology 106: 441–450. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2009.055

Sinclair B.J. 1995. Generic revision of the Clinocerinae (Empididae), and description and phylogenetic relationships of the Trichopezinae, new status (Diptera: Empidoidea). The Canadian Entomologist 127: 665–752. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent127665-5

Sinclair B.J. 1999. Review of the genera Dipsomyia Bezzi, Zanclotus Wilder, and an allied new Gondwanan genus (Diptera: Empidoidea, Ragas-group). Entomological Science 2: 131–145.

Sinclair B.J. 2016. Revision of the Australian species of Hydropeza Sinclair (Diptera: Empididae: Ragadinae subfam. nov.). Records of the Australian Museum 68: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1657

Sinclair B.J. & Cumming J.M. 2006. The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera). Zootaxa 1180: 1–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1

Sinclair B.J. & Saigusa T. 2001. Revision of the world species of Ragas Walker (Diptera: Empidoidea). Entomological Science 4: 507–522.

Sinclair B.J. & Shamshev I.V. 2012. World revision of Iteaphila macquarti group (Diptera: Empididae). Zootaxa 3561: 1–61.

Stuckenberg B.R. 1999. Antennal evolution in the Brachycera (Diptera), with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum. Studia Dipterologica 6: 33–48.

Swofford D.L. 2003. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.

Wahlberg E. & Johanson K.A. 2018. Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 43: 619–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12297

Published
2019-04-29
How to Cite
Wahlberg, E. (2019). Revision and morphological analysis of the Ragadidae (Insecta, Diptera). European Journal of Taxonomy, (521). https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.521